On February 1, 1990, the United States Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp honoring Ida B. Wells, the pioneering Black journalist, suffragist, and anti-lynching crusader. Wells was known for her fearless reporting and activism, which brought national attention to the horrors of lynching in America.

On February 1, 1978, the U.S. Postal Service issued the first stamp in its Black Heritage USA series, honoring Harriet Tubman. A legendary abolitionist and key figure in the Underground Railroad, Tubman became the first African American woman to be featured on a U.S. postage stamp.

On February 1, 1997, BET Holdings, Inc. and Encore Media Corporation launched BET Movie/Starz, the first 24-hour movie channel dedicated to Black cinema. The channel was a milestone in media representation, offering round-the-clock programming focused on African American stories, filmmakers, and actors.

On February 1, 1990, Joseph McNeil, Jibreel Khazan (formerly Ezell Blair Jr.), Franklin McCain, and David Richmond—known as the Greensboro Four—returned to the Woolworth store in Greensboro, North Carolina, to commemorate the 30th anniversary of their historic 1960 sit-in. They marked the occasion by having breakfast at the same lunch counter where they had launched one of the most influential acts of civil disobedience in the Civil Rights Movement.

On February 1, 1974, the groundbreaking sitcom Good Times premiered on CBS. It was one of the first television shows to depict a Black family living in a public housing project, addressing issues such as poverty, racism, and social justice with humor and heart. The show became a cultural touchstone and helped launch the career of Jimmie Walker and Esther Rolle.

On February 1, 1967, renowned poet, playwright, and social activist Langston Hughes passed away. A central figure of the Harlem Renaissance, Hughes gave voice to the experiences of Black Americans through his powerful and accessible works, influencing generations of writers and artists.

On February 1, 1965, a peaceful voting rights demonstration in Selma, Alabama, ended with the mass arrest of approximately 700 protesters. The protest was part of a larger campaign to challenge racial discrimination in voter registration, helping to set the stage for the Selma to Montgomery marches and the eventual passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

On February 1, 1965, acclaimed actress and civil rights activist Ruby Dee participated in a major Shakespeare Festival production. Her appearance marked a significant moment in classical theater, highlighting the contributions of African American performers to traditionally Eurocentric stage roles, and further solidified her reputation as a trailblazer in the performing arts.

On February 1, 1960, four Black students from North Carolina A&T College—Joseph McNeil, Jibreel Khazan (Ezell Blair Jr.), Franklin McCain, and David Richmond—began a sit-in at a segregated Woolworth’s lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina. Their peaceful protest ignited a wave of similar demonstrations, and by February 10, the sit-in movement had spread to 15 Southern cities across five states.

Rick James, influential funk and R&B singer, songwriter, and producer, was born on February 1, 1952, in Buffalo, New York. Known for his flamboyant style and hit songs like Super Freak and Give It to Me Baby, James played a major role in shaping the sound of 1980s funk music.

Garrett Morris, trailblazing African American actor and comedian, was born on February 1, 1937, in New Orleans, Louisiana. He became one of the original cast members of Saturday Night Live in 1975, breaking ground for Black comedians on mainstream television and paving the way for greater diversity in comedy.

On February 1, 1926, historian Carter G. Woodson launched the first Negro History Week, aimed at highlighting the contributions of African Americans to U.S. history. Celebrated during the second week of February to coincide with the birthdays of Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass, the observance laid the foundation for what would become Black History Month in 1976.

Langston Hughes, one of the most influential figures of the Harlem Renaissance, was born on February 1, 1902. Hughes became known for his insightful, vivid poetry that captured the Black experience in America. His work was central to the early stages of the Black Arts Movement, and his legacy endures through his 15 poetry collections and countless other works, continuing to inspire generations even after his death in 1967.

On February 1, 1887, J. Robinson was granted U.S. Patent No. 356,852 for an innovative design of a dinner pail. This practical invention contributed to the daily lives of workers during the industrial era by improving how meals were stored and transported. Robinson is recognized among the many African American inventors who made significant yet often overlooked contributions to everyday life.

On February 1, 1871, Jefferson Long of Georgia became the first African American to deliver an official speech on the floor of the U.S. House of Representatives. In his address, he opposed a bill that would ease restrictions on former Confederates, reflecting his commitment to justice and equality during the Reconstruction era.

On February 1, 1870, Jonathan Jasper Wright was elected to the South Carolina Supreme Court, becoming the first African American to serve on the highest court of a U.S. state. A Reconstruction-era trailblazer, Wright was a strong advocate for civil rights and equal justice under the law.

On February 1, 1865, John Sweat Rock, a distinguished Boston lawyer, became the first African American admitted to practice before the U.S. Supreme Court. Rock was also the first Black person to address the U.S. House of Representatives. A physician, dentist, abolitionist, and orator, he was a powerful advocate for civil rights and Black self-determination during the Civil War era.

On February 1, 1865, the 38th U.S. Congress passed the 13th Amendment to the Constitution, which formally abolished slavery in the United States. Though passed by Congress on this date, the amendment was not fully ratified by the states until December 6, 1865. This marked a monumental turning point in American history and the legal end of slavery.

Henry McNeal Turner was born on February 1, 1834, in what is now known as Hannah Circuit near Newberry, then part of Abbeville County, South Carolina. As a child, Turner was “bound out” to grueling labor in the cotton fields and blacksmith trade until the age of 12. Despite these hardships, he developed an insatiable thirst for knowledge and went on to become a prominent bishop in the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, a Reconstruction-era politician, and a passionate advocate for African American civil rights and emigration to Africa.

On February 1, 1897, Alfred L. Cralle, an African American inventor and businessman, was granted U.S. Patent No. 576,395 for the ice cream mold and disher—an innovative, one-handed ice cream scoop that is still in use today. His invention improved efficiency in serving frozen desserts and remains a staple tool over a century later.

On February 1, 1989, a rebellion broke out in Tampa, Florida, following the suspicious death of Edgar Allan Price, a Black man who died while being arrested by police. Authorities claimed that Price “hit his head on the ground several times,” but the circumstances surrounding his death sparked outrage and unrest within the local community, highlighting long-standing tensions over police brutality and racial injustice.

On February 2, 1962, eleven people—seven white and four Black activists—were arrested after an all-night sit-in at Englewood City Hall in New Jersey, protesting de facto school segregation. That same day, four Black mothers were arrested in Chicago for staging a sit-in at an elementary school to oppose discriminatory double-shift scheduling. Although the mothers received suspended $50 fines, protests and demonstrations continued for weeks, highlighting the widespread resistance to educational segregation in the North.

On February 2, 1948, President Harry S. Truman sent a special message to Congress urging the adoption of a civil rights program. His recommendations included the establishment of a fair employment practices commission, as well as strong federal legislation against lynching and the poll tax. This marked a pivotal moment in the federal government’s involvement in civil rights issues.

On February 2, 1915, biologist Ernest E. Just was awarded the first NAACP Spingarn Medal for his groundbreaking research in cell division and fertilization. His work advanced the understanding of marine biology and developmental science, making him one of the most respected Black scientists of his time.

William Ellisworth Artis was born on February 2, 1914, in Washington, North Carolina. A talented sculptor and ceramicist, Artis studied at Syracuse University and was mentored by renowned sculptor Augusta Savage. His work was featured in major exhibitions including Two Centuries of Black American Art and displayed at institutions such as Atlanta University, the Whitney Museum, Fisk University, Hampton University, and the North Carolina Museum of Art.

Herbert Mills, tenor singer and member of the legendary vocal group The Mills Brothers, was born on February 2, 1912. The Mills Brothers were pioneers in American popular music, known for their close harmonies and groundbreaking success as one of the first African American groups to achieve mainstream fame in the United States and internationally.

On February 2, 1862, the U.S. Congress began legislative efforts to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia, initiating the process that would lead to the passage of the D.C. Emancipation Act.

Inventor Edmond Berger patented the spark plug.

Some historical accounts credit Edmond Berger, an African American inventor, with creating an early version of the spark plug on February 2, 1839. While no patent records exist to confirm this, Berger’s association with this innovation reflects the often-overlooked contributions of Black inventors in early American technology history.

On February 3, 1999, the Cyber-Youth Network was launched—marking the first time a website was specifically created to address the educational needs and interests of America’s urban students. The site served as a pioneering model for online education by providing culturally relevant materials for both students and teachers.

On February 3, 1997, award-winning jazz drummer Tony Williams died in Daly City, California. Known for his innovative style and technical brilliance, Williams was a key figure in the development of modern jazz, particularly through his work with the Miles Davis Quintet and his own groundbreaking group, Lifetime.

On February 3, 1989, tennis professional Lori McNeil defeated legendary player Chris Evert in the Pan Pacific Open held in Tokyo, Japan. The win was a significant moment in McNeil’s career and a notable victory over one of the sport’s all-time greats.

On February 3, 1989, former St. Louis Cardinals first baseman Bill White was named president of the National League, becoming the first African American to head a major professional sports league in the United States. His appointment marked a groundbreaking moment in sports leadership and representation.

On February 3, 1988, Thomas Reed, president of the Alabama chapter of the NAACP, was arrested along with 11 others during a protest at the Alabama State Capitol in Montgomery. The group attempted to remove a Confederate flag flying atop the building, highlighting ongoing tensions over the symbol’s presence on government property and its ties to racism and oppression.

On February 3, 1981, the U.S. Air Force Academy officially ended its discriminatory policy that barred applicants with sickle cell trait from admission. This change marked a significant step forward in addressing racial bias in military medical standards, as the trait disproportionately affects people of African descent.

On February 3, 1965, African American sculptor Geraldine McCullough was awarded the Widener Gold Medal by the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. She received the prestigious honor for her bronze sculpture Phoenix, marking a significant achievement in a field with few Black women recognized at the time.

On February 3, 1964, an estimated 464,000 Black and Puerto Rican students boycotted New York City public schools in one of the largest civil rights protests in U.S. history. The boycott was organized to demand an end to racial segregation and inequality in the school system. A second boycott on March 16 drew more than 267,000 absentees, underscoring the community’s continued demands for educational justice.

On February 3, 1956, Autherine J. Lucy became the first Black student to attend the University of Alabama, breaking a significant racial barrier in Southern higher education. Just three days later, she was expelled under the pretext of ensuring her safety amid violent protests. Decades later, in 1992, she returned and earned a master’s degree in education from the university—the same day her daughter, Grazia Foster, also graduated.

On February 3, 1948, Rosa Ingram and her two teenage sons, aged fourteen and sixteen, were sentenced to death in Georgia for the alleged murder of a white man. Mrs. Ingram stated she acted in self-defense during a confrontation. The harsh sentencing sparked national and international outrage, becoming a major civil rights issue and rallying point for activists challenging racial injustice in the legal system.

On February 3, 1948, Laura Wheeler Waring, a prominent African American portrait painter and illustrator, passed away. Known for her elegant and dignified portrayals of Black Americans, her work was featured in the Crisis magazine and exhibited at the Smithsonian. Waring was a key figure of the Harlem Renaissance and helped shape the visual representation of African American identity.

On February 3, 1920, the Negro National League (NNL) was founded in Kansas City, Missouri, by Andrew “Rube” Foster and a group of Black team owners. It was the first successful, organized African American baseball league, providing a professional platform for Black athletes during an era of segregation in Major League Baseball.

On February 3, 1874, Blanche Kelso Bruce was elected to a full six-year term in the U.S. Senate by the Mississippi legislature. He became the first African American to serve a full term in the Senate and the first to preside over a Senate session. His election marked a milestone in Reconstruction-era political progress for African Americans.

On February 3, 1810, Antonio Ruiz, known as El Negro Falucho, died defending the Argentine flag. A formerly enslaved African who became a soldier, he is remembered as a national hero in Argentina for his bravery and loyalty during the country’s struggle for independence. His story symbolizes the contributions of Afro-Argentines to the nation’s early history.

On February 3, 1996, Congressman J.C. Watts of Oklahoma became the first African American chosen to deliver the official Republican response to the U.S. State of the Union address. His selection marked a significant moment in American political history, highlighting increased Black representation within the Republican Party.

On February 3, 1986, the U.S. Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp honoring Sojourner Truth, the renowned abolitionist and women’s rights activist. The stamp was part of the Black Heritage Series and celebrated Truth’s enduring legacy as a powerful voice for justice and equality.

On February 3, 1971, the National Guard was mobilized in Wilmington, North Carolina, to quell civil unrest sparked by racial tensions and protests. The unrest, which lasted until February 9, resulted in the deaths of two individuals and underscored ongoing struggles over civil rights and racial inequality in the South.

On February 3, 1969, the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) intensified its armed struggle against Portuguese colonial rule. As one of the key liberation movements in Angola, the MPLA played a central role in the fight for independence, which was eventually achieved in 1975. The date is commemorated in Angola as the beginning of the final phase of the country’s fight for liberation.

Rosa Parks, born Rosa Louise McCauley on February 3, 1913, in Tuskegee, Alabama, became a pivotal figure in the American civil rights movement. Her courageous refusal to give up her bus seat to a white passenger in 1955 sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped ignite nationwide efforts to end racial segregation.

On February 3, 1794, during the French Revolution, France formally abolished slavery in all of its colonies, marking a landmark moment in European abolitionist history. However, this commitment was short-lived—Napoleon Bonaparte reinstated slavery in 1802, along with the “Code Noir,” which restricted the rights of Black and mixed-race people, including prohibitions on their presence in French colonies and intermarriage with whites.

On February 5, 1990, Barack Obama was elected president of the Harvard Law Review, becoming the first African American to hold the prestigious position in the publication’s 104-year history. His election gained national attention and was a significant milestone on his path to future leadership.

On February 5, 1962, a federal lawsuit was filed in U.S. District Court challenging the racial segregation of elementary schools in Englewood, New Jersey. The suit accused the city of maintaining racially segregated schools, marking a significant legal action in the fight against de facto segregation in Northern school systems.

On February 5, 1958, Clifton R. Wharton Sr. was confirmed as U.S. Minister to Romania, becoming the first African American to head a U.S. embassy in Europe. A distinguished career diplomat, Wharton broke racial barriers in the Foreign Service and paved the way for future generations of Black diplomats.

Singer Natalie Cole was born on February 5, 1950, in Los Angeles, California. The daughter of legendary musician Nat King Cole, she began singing professionally at age 11. By 1976, she had earned Grammy Awards for Best New Artist and Best Female R&B Vocal Performance, launching a celebrated career that blended soul, jazz, and pop.

Henry “Hank” Aaron, one of baseball’s greatest legends, was born on February 5, 1934, in Mobile, Alabama. Nicknamed the “Home Run King,” Aaron broke Babe Ruth’s home run record in 1974, finishing his career with 755 home runs. Beyond his athletic achievements, he was a powerful figure in the civil rights movement, challenging racism with dignity and excellence.

On February 5, 1900, Jefferson Franklin Long, the first African American to represent Georgia in the U.S. House of Representatives, died in Washington, D.C. Elected in 1870 during Reconstruction, Long served a 60-day term in Congress, becoming the only African American to do so from Georgia in the 19th century. He was also the first Black congressman to speak on the House floor.

On February 5, 1866, Congressman Thaddeus Stevens introduced an amendment to the Freedmen’s Bureau bill that would have authorized the distribution of public and confiscated lands in 40-acre plots to freedmen and loyal refugees. The proposal aimed to provide formerly enslaved people with a means to economic independence. However, the amendment was defeated in the House by a vote of 126 to 37. In response, a Black delegation led by Frederick Douglass called on President Andrew Johnson to advocate for land redistribution and civil rights.

On February 6, 1961, the “Jail-in” movement began in Rock Hill, South Carolina, when nine Black students refused to pay fines for a sit-in and instead chose to serve jail time. Their actions inspired the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) to launch a wider “Jail, No Bail” campaign across the South, shifting civil rights protest tactics and drawing national attention to the injustice of segregation.

On February 6, 1993, Arthur Ashe, renowned tennis champion and civil rights activist, passed away at the age of 49. Ashe was the first Black man to win singles titles at Wimbledon, the US Open, and the Australian Open. Off the court, he was a powerful advocate for racial justice, education, and HIV/AIDS awareness following his own diagnosis.

On February 6, 1972, Robert L. Douglas, founder and coach of the New York Renaissance (the “Rens”), became the first African American elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. The Rens were one of the most successful all-Black professional basketball teams in history, dominating the sport during the 1920s and 1930s.

On February 6, 1945, Bob Marley, the legendary Jamaican reggae musician, was born in Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica. Marley became a global icon for reggae music and a powerful voice for peace, resistance, and Rastafarian culture. His music and message continue to inspire generations worldwide.

Walter E. Fauntroy was born on February 6, 1933, in Washington, D.C. He later became the first non-voting delegate to the U.S. House of Representatives for the District of Columbia since Reconstruction. A key figure in the civil rights movement, Fauntroy worked closely with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and played a major role in organizing the 1963 March on Washington.

Melvin B. Tolson, acclaimed author, educator, and poet, was born on February 6, 1898. Known for his powerful works blending modernist style with themes of Black identity and empowerment, Tolson also coached the renowned Wiley College debate team and played a pivotal role in shaping African American literary and intellectual culture.

On February 6, 1870, Jonathan Jasper Wright was elected to the South Carolina Supreme Court, becoming the first African American to serve on a state supreme court in the United States. His appointment during the Reconstruction era represented a landmark achievement in the pursuit of racial equality in the American legal system.

On February 6, 1867, philanthropist George Peabody established the Peabody Education Fund to support public education in the Southern United States, with a significant focus on improving educational opportunities for formerly enslaved African Americans. The fund played a crucial role in the development of schools for Black children during the Reconstruction era.

On February 6, 1820, the first organized emigration of free African Americans to Africa began as 86 individuals departed New York Harbor aboard the Mayflower of Liberia. They were bound for the British colony of Sierra Leone, which welcomed free African Americans and fugitive slaves. This marked the beginning of a migration movement that would eventually lead to the founding of Liberia.

On February 6, 1820, census data recorded the United States population at 9,638,453, with 1,771,656 identified as Black—accounting for approximately 18.4% of the total population. The data reflects the significant presence of African Americans during a time when slavery was still legal in much of the country.

On February 6, 1926, Negro History Week was observed for the first time. Created by historian Carter G. Woodson, the week was established to highlight the contributions of African Americans to U.S. history. It laid the foundation for what would later become Black History Month, officially recognized in 1976.

On February 6, 1974, the Caribbean nation of Grenada achieved independence from Great Britain. Sir Eric Gairy became the country’s first Prime Minister, ushering in a new era of self-governance. Grenada’s independence marked a key moment in the broader movement for decolonization across the Caribbean.

On February 6, 1967, comedian, actor, author, and filmmaker Chris Rock was born in Andrews, South Carolina. Known for his sharp wit and fearless social commentary, Rock rose to fame through stand-up comedy, his HBO series The Chris Rock Show, and numerous film roles. Beyond entertainment, he used his platform to speak out on social issues, including calling for a boycott of the Confederate flag once flown over his home state.

On February 6, 1946, a filibuster in the U.S. Senate effectively killed a bill that sought to make the Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) permanent. Originally established during World War II to combat racial discrimination in defense industries and government, the FEPC had been a key step toward federal civil rights enforcement. The filibuster marked a major setback in the fight for equal employment rights in the postwar era.

On February 6, 1945, Irwin C. Molison was appointed to the United States Customs Court by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. He became the first African American to serve on that court, marking a significant advancement in the representation of African Americans in the federal judiciary.

Eubie Blake, the legendary African American composer and pianist, was born on February 7, 1883, in Baltimore, Maryland. A pioneer of ragtime and early jazz, Blake composed numerous popular songs and musicals, including Shuffle Along, one of the first Broadway shows written and performed by African Americans.

On February 7, 1872, Alcorn A&M College officially opened in Mississippi. It was the first Black land-grant college in the United States and is now known as Alcorn State University. The school played a pivotal role in providing higher education to African Americans in the post-Civil War South.

On February 8, 1986, Debi Thomas became the first African American to win the Women’s Singles title at the U.S. National Figure Skating Championships. At the time, she was also a pre-med student at Stanford University, breaking barriers both on the ice and in academia.

On February 8, 1990, CBS suspended veteran 60 Minutes commentator Andy Rooney for 90 days after The Advocate, a national gay and lesbian newsmagazine, published an article by journalist Chris Bull attributing racist comments to him. According to Bull, Rooney had suggested that “blacks have watered down their genes because the less intelligent ones are the ones that have the most children.” The alleged remarks sparked public outrage and intense media scrutiny. While Rooney denied making the exact statement, CBS acted swiftly in response to the controversy. The incident ignited national conversations about racism, homophobia, and the responsibilities of public figures in media. Rooney was reinstated after public backlash to the suspension itself and returned to 60 Minutes weeks later.

On February 8, 1986, The Oprah Winfrey Show premiered in national syndication, making Oprah Winfrey the first African American woman to host a nationally syndicated talk show. Her groundbreaking success reshaped the landscape of daytime television and opened doors for future generations of Black media professionals.

On February 8, 1985, Brenda Renee Pearson, an official court reporter for the U.S. House of Representatives, became the first Black woman to record a State of the Union address delivered by the President in the House chambers. Her achievement marked a milestone in representation within a vital behind-the-scenes role in government proceedings.

On February 8, 1978, Leon Spinks shocked the world by defeating Muhammad Ali in a split decision to win the world heavyweight boxing championship. The victory came in only Spinks’s eighth professional fight. Later that year, on September 15, Ali reclaimed the title, making history as the first boxer to win the heavyweight championship three times.

On February 8, 1968, Gary Coleman was born in Zion, Illinois. He became a prominent child actor, best known for his role as Arnold Jackson in the sitcom Diff’rent Strokes (1978–1986). Coleman’s portrayal made him one of the highest-paid child actors of his time and earned him widespread recognition. Despite health challenges that limited his growth, he left a lasting impact on television and pop culture. ?

On February 8, 1968, South Carolina Highway Patrol officers opened fire on unarmed students during a peaceful protest at South Carolina State College in Orangeburg. The students were protesting segregation at a local bowling alley. Three young Black men—Samuel Hammond, Delano Middleton, and Henry Smith—were killed, and dozens more were injured. This tragic event became known as the Orangeburg Massacre and remains one of the lesser-known but significant events of the Civil Rights Movement.

On February 8, 1944, Harry S. McAlpin became the first African American journalist accredited to attend a White House press conference. Representing the National Negro Publishers Association, McAlpin broke a significant racial barrier in American journalism and the political press corps.

On February 8, 1925, Marcus Garvey, influential Black nationalist and founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), entered the federal prison in Atlanta. He was serving a sentence for mail fraud, a conviction many believe was politically motivated due to his outspoken activism for Black empowerment and independence.

On February 8, 1925, students at Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee, organized a strike to protest the repressive policies of the white administration. The students demanded respect for Black cultural expression, improved academic freedom, and administrative reform, making it one of the earliest organized student protests at a historically Black college.

On February 8, 1894, the U.S. Congress repealed the Enforcement Act of 1871, a key piece of Reconstruction-era legislation that had protected African American voting rights. Its repeal made it easier for states, particularly in the South, to impose discriminatory laws that disenfranchised Black voters and ushered in the era of Jim Crow.

On February 9, 1952, Ralph Ellison’s groundbreaking novel Invisible Man won the National Book Award for Fiction. The novel explores themes of racial identity and social invisibility in America, and its critical acclaim established Ellison as a major voice in American literature.

On February 9, 1967, the 25th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution officially went into effect. While not exclusively a Black history event, the amendment—clarifying presidential succession and disability procedures—has had implications for all Americans, including during pivotal moments involving civil rights-era leadership transitions and national stability.

On February 9, 1995, Dr. Bernard Harris became the first African American astronaut to perform a spacewalk during the STS-63 mission aboard the space shuttle Discovery. His historic achievement marked a major milestone in the history of African Americans in space exploration.

On February 9, 1971, legendary pitcher Leroy “Satchel” Paige was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame. He became the first player from the Negro Leagues to receive this honor, recognizing his extraordinary talent and contributions to baseball during an era of segregation.

Alice Walker, renowned novelist, poet, and activist, was born on February 9, 1944, in Eatonton, Georgia. She is best known for her Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Color Purple, a powerful exploration of race, gender, and resilience in the American South.

On February 9, 1906, acclaimed poet and author Paul Laurence Dunbar died at the age of 33 in Dayton, Ohio. One of the first African American writers to gain national recognition, Dunbar was celebrated for his dialect poetry as well as his standard English works, which explored Black life in America at the turn of the 20th century.

On February 10, 1992, Alex Haley, the Pulitzer Prize-winning author of Roots: The Saga of an American Family, passed away at the age of 70. Haley’s work played a major role in bringing African American genealogy and history into the national spotlight, inspiring millions to explore their heritage.

On February 10, 1967, the 25th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution went into effect. It clarified presidential succession and procedures for dealing with presidential disability. This amendment has had significant implications for American governance and leadership stability, including during times involving leaders of diverse backgrounds.

On February 10, 1966, Andrew Brimmer was appointed to the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System by President Lyndon B. Johnson, becoming the first African American to serve in that role. His appointment marked a major milestone in the inclusion of African Americans in national economic policymaking.

On February 10, 1964, after 12 days of debate and voting on 125 amendments, the U.S. House of Representatives passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by a vote of 290–130. The landmark legislation prohibited discrimination by state and local governments or public facilities based on race or ethnic origin. It also empowered the federal government to enforce desegregation and equal access to public accommodations.

On February 10, 1946, Jackie Robinson, who would soon break Major League Baseball’s color barrier, married Rachel Isum in Los Angeles. Their partnership would become a pillar of strength throughout Robinson’s historic career and civil rights activism.

Roberta Flack, the acclaimed American singer, was born on February 10, 1940, in Black Mountain, North Carolina. Known for her smooth vocals and emotive ballads, she rose to fame with hits like The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face and Killing Me Softly with His Song, becoming a trailblazer in soul and R&B music.

On February 10, 1927, world-renowned opera singer Leontyne Price was born in Laurel, Mississippi. She began singing in church choirs as a child and later studied music at Central State College in Wilberforce, Ohio. Price rose to international fame as one of the first African American sopranos to perform at the Metropolitan Opera, breaking racial barriers and earning acclaim for her powerful voice and stage presence.

On February 10, 1989, Ron Brown was elected Chairman of the Democratic National Committee, becoming the first African American to lead a major U.S. political party. His election represented a historic moment in American politics and leadership diversity.

Grace Towns Hamilton, a pioneering civil rights activist and politician, was born on February 10, 1907, in Atlanta, Georgia. She became the first African American woman elected to the Georgia General Assembly and was a tireless advocate for voting rights, fair housing, and social justice throughout her career.

On this day, conservative Republicans, supported by military forces, took control of the Florida Constitutional Convention. They drafted a new constitution that centralized authority in the hands of the governor and strategically reduced the political influence of newly enfranchised Black voters during Reconstruction. This marked a pivotal moment in Florida’s post-Civil War political restructuring.

Joseph Charles Price, a pioneering African American educator and leader, was born on this day in Elizabeth City, North Carolina. He became the founding president of Livingstone College in Salisbury, North Carolina, and was a powerful advocate for African American education and civil rights during the Reconstruction era. His leadership and eloquence earned him national and international respect, including praise from Frederick Douglass.

On this day, Georgia’s House of Assembly appointed William Few, Abraham Baldwin, William Pierce, George Walton, William Houston, and Nathaniel Pendleton as the state’s commissioners to attend the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention. Among them, William Few and Abraham Baldwin—both of whom would sign the U.S. Constitution—were notable figures in early American history. Baldwin, in particular, played a key role in shaping the structure of the U.S. Congress and later became the first president of the University of Georgia.

Just days before his assassination, Malcolm X delivered a powerful and thought-provoking speech at the London School of Economics (LSE). Addressing students and academics, he spoke on topics such as racism, colonialism, and the global struggle for Black liberation. The event was part of his international tour aimed at building solidarity across the African diaspora and increasing awareness of the civil rights struggle in the United States.

On February 11, 1990, Nelson Mandela was released after 27 years of imprisonment in South Africa. One of his greatest pleasures—watching the sun set while listening to the music of Handel or Tchaikovsky—had been denied to him for decades. Locked in his cell during daylight hours and deprived of music, Mandela was cut off from these simple yet deeply cherished moments of peace.

On February 11, 1989, The Right Reverend Barbara Clementine Harris, a Philadelphia native, became the first woman ever consecrated as a bishop in the Anglican Communion. Prior to entering the priesthood, Bishop Harris had a distinguished career in public and community relations in Philadelphia from 1949 to 1977. She later served as the Baccalaureate Speaker for the University of Pennsylvania’s Class of 1996.

On this day in 1976, Clifford Alexander, Jr. was confirmed as the first African American Secretary of the Army. Appointed by President Jimmy Carter, he served with distinction until the end of Carter’s term in 1981, focusing on issues such as fairness in military promotions and opportunities for minorities.

On February 11, 1971, Whitney M. Young, Jr. passed away suddenly while in Nigeria. He served as Executive Director of the National Urban League from 1961 until his untimely death. A visionary leader, Young worked tirelessly to bridge the racial divide in America, combining the principles of social work with civil rights activism. Under his leadership, the Urban League expanded its role from job placement to a broader advocate for social justice and economic empowerment.

Robert C. Weaver was sworn in as Administrator of the Housing and Home Finance Agency, marking the highest federal position ever held by a Black American at that time. His appointment was a pivotal step toward racial equity in U.S. public service and laid the groundwork for his later role as the first Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in 1966.

Owen L. W. Smith, an African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Zion minister and educator from North Carolina, was appointed as the U.S. Minister to Liberia. His appointment represented a significant moment in African American diplomacy during the post-Reconstruction era, highlighting the role of Black leaders in international relations and U.S.-Africa affairs.

Jarena Lee, the daughter of former slaves, was born in Cape May, New Jersey. She is considered the first female preacher in the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church. Despite significant resistance due to her gender, Lee became a powerful and widely respected voice in the early 19th-century religious revival movement. In 1836, she published her autobiography, The Life and Religious Experience of Jarena Lee, a Coloured Lady, Giving an Account of Her Call to Preach the Gospel, making her one of the first African American women to publish a spiritual autobiography.

On February 11, 1644, eleven Black men in the Dutch colony of New Netherland (present-day New York) submitted a petition for their freedom, marking the first recorded legal protest by Black people in America. They had served the Dutch West India Company for 17–18 years and were promised freedom on the same terms as other servants. In response, the Council of New Netherland granted conditional freedom to the petitioners and their wives, though their children remained enslaved.

In response to racial discrimination on public transportation, Black residents in Macon, Georgia, launched a bus boycott on February 11, 1962. The protest followed the arrest of a Black woman who refused to give up her seat to a white passenger. Inspired by the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the Macon movement demonstrated the power of organized, nonviolent resistance in the struggle for civil rights.

Celebrated pianist and composer Eubie Blake died in Brooklyn, New York, just five days after his 100th birthday. A pioneer of ragtime and early jazz, Blake was known for works such as Charleston Rag and the Broadway musical Shuffle Along (1921), one of the first musicals written and directed by African Americans. His influence on American music spanned more than a century.

Arsenio Hall, who would go on to become the first Black late-night talk show host in American television history, was born on this day in Cleveland, Ohio. He gained widespread fame with The Arsenio Hall Show, which debuted in 1989 and broke new ground by showcasing a diverse range of guests and performers, becoming a cultural phenomenon in the early 1990s.

On February 11, 1952, Sergeant Cornelius H. Charlton was posthumously awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for extraordinary heroism during the Korean War. He led a determined assault against a heavily defended enemy position, continuing to fight despite being wounded, and ultimately sacrificing his life. Charlton was one of the few African American soldiers to receive the nation’s highest military decoration for actions in Korea.

On February 12, 1948, First Lieutenant Nancy C. Leftenant became the first Black nurse accepted into the regular U.S. Army Nurse Corps. Her acceptance marked a significant milestone in the integration of the U.S. military and the advancement of African American women in nursing and military service.

On February 12, 1939, Augustus Nathaniel Lushington passed away. He was the first African American to earn a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M.), receiving his degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1897. His groundbreaking achievement paved the way for future generations of Black veterinarians.

William Felton “Bill” Russell was born in Monroe, Louisiana. A legendary basketball player and civil rights advocate, Russell later became the first Black head coach in major U.S. professional sports when he served as player-coach of the Boston Celtics in 1968 and 1969. He led the team to two NBA championships in those seasons.

On this day, a health study began in Tuskegee, Alabama, where over 400 African American men were part of a project to learn more about syphilis, a serious disease. The men were told they would get free medical care, but doctors never gave them the treatment they needed. The study continued for 40 years without helping the men, even after medicine to cure the disease became available. This became one of the most tragic examples of unfair treatment in medical history.

Founded in New York City by a diverse group of Black and white citizens committed to social justice, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) became the United States’ largest and most influential civil rights organization. Its principal objective is to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights for all persons and to eliminate race-based discrimination.

Roberta Martin was born on this day in Helena, Arkansas. A pioneering figure in gospel music, she worked closely with gospel greats like Thomas Dorsey and Theodore Frye. She also became the owner of one of the largest gospel publishing houses in Chicago, significantly shaping the direction of modern gospel music. Martin passed away on January 18, 1969.

For a Lincoln birthday celebration, James Weldon Johnson writes the lyrics for “Lift Every Voice and Sing.” With music composed by his brother, J. Rosamond Johnson, the song is first performed by 500 children in Jacksonville, Florida. It will later become known as the “Negro National Anthem,” a powerful hymn of resilience and hope in the African American community.

Black rights activist Henry Highland Garnet dies, shortly after being appointed as the U.S. ambassador to Liberia. Garnet was a powerful abolitionist, minister, and orator known for being the first African American to deliver a sermon in the U.S. House of Representatives. His work emphasized Black self-determination and direct resistance to slavery.

Isaac Burns Murphy, one of the greatest jockeys in American horse racing history, died on this day in 1896. Known for his integrity and exceptional talent, Murphy was the first jockey to win the Kentucky Derby three times and maintained an extraordinary win rate. His legacy remains a symbol of Black excellence in a sport that would later marginalize Black jockeys.

On February 12, 1865, Henry Highland Garnet became the first Black person to speak in the U.S. Capitol when he delivered a memorial sermon on the abolition of slavery in the House of Representatives. Born into slavery in New Market, Maryland, in 1815, Garnet escaped with his family in 1824 and settled in New York. He later studied at the Oneida Theological Institute and became a prominent abolitionist, minister, and advocate for African American rights.

On February 12, 1793, the U.S. Congress passed the first Fugitive Slave Law to enforce the Constitution’s Fugitive Slave Clause. This law allowed slaveholders to reclaim escaped enslaved individuals by presenting oral or written proof of ownership before a magistrate. Once satisfied, the magistrate would issue an order for the arrest and return of the escaped person. The law denied alleged fugitives the right to a jury trial or to testify on their own behalf, laying the foundation for further legal enforcement of slavery across state lines.

Gertrude E. Downing and William P. Desjardin were granted U.S. Patent No. 3,715,772 on February 13, 1973, for a “Reciprocating Corner and Baseboard Cleaning Auxiliary Attachment for Rotary Floor Treatment Machines.” This innovative device was designed to enhance standard rotary floor treatment machines by enabling them to clean corners and baseboards more effectively.?107 JAMZ

Traditional rotary floor machines often struggled with cleaning tight corners and baseboards due to their circular design. The attachment developed by Downing and Desjardin addressed this limitation by converting the machine’s rotary motion into a reciprocating action. This allowed a specially designed rubbing element to move back and forth, effectively reaching into corners and along baseboards. The rubbing element featured a wedge-shaped front end to fit into right-angle corners and included side surfaces equipped with bristles or pads to clean adjacent wall areas. ?Google Patents

The attachment was designed for versatility, incorporating spacer rings and coupling members that allowed it to be adapted for use with various models of rotary floor machines. This adaptability ensured that the attachment could be easily integrated with existing equipment, providing an economical solution for enhanced cleaning capabilities without the need for entirely new machines. ?Google Patents

The invention by Downing and Desjardin exemplifies the significant contributions of African American inventors in addressing practical challenges and improving everyday equipment. Their work not only advanced cleaning technology but also highlighted the importance of innovation in enhancing the functionality of existing tools.

On this day, the New York Stock Exchange admitted its first Black member, Joseph Searles III. His membership marked a historic milestone in the integration of Wall Street and opened the door for greater representation of African Americans in the financial industry.

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was officially organized at a meeting in New Orleans, Louisiana. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was chosen as the organization’s first president. The SCLC would go on to play a pivotal role in the American civil rights movement, promoting nonviolent protest to advance civil rights and social justice.

On February 13, 1923, the New York Renaissance, commonly known as the “Rens,” became the first all-Black professional basketball team. Founded by Robert “Bob” Douglas, the team was based in Harlem and played its home games at the Renaissance Casino and Ballroom. The Rens were trailblazers in the sport, dominating opponents across the country despite widespread racial segregation. They compiled an extraordinary record during the 1932–33 season, winning 88 consecutive games. Their legacy helped pave the way for integration in professional basketball.

Wendell P. Dabney, a prominent African American civil rights activist, journalist, and author, founded The Union newspaper in Cincinnati, Ohio. The paper served as a voice for Black communities, advocating for civil rights, social justice, and racial equality. Dabney used the publication to spotlight issues affecting African Americans and promote political awareness and cultural pride.

The World’s Fair Colored Opera Company became the first African American performers to appear at Carnegie Hall in New York City. Their groundbreaking performance marked a significant milestone in the recognition of Black artistry in classical music and opera, challenging racial barriers in elite cultural institutions.

Henry Highland Garnet, a prominent African American minister, abolitionist, and diplomat, died at the age of 66 in Monrovia, Liberia. Garnet was known for his powerful speeches advocating for the end of slavery and was the first African American to deliver a sermon in the U.S. House of Representatives. His appointment as U.S. Minister to Liberia symbolized his enduring commitment to Black liberation and international diplomacy.

Absalom Jones, the first African American to be ordained as a priest in the Episcopal Church, died on this day in 1818. A pioneering religious leader and abolitionist, Jones co-founded the Free African Society and later established the African Episcopal Church of St. Thomas in Philadelphia, the first Black Episcopal church in the United States.

America’s first public school, the Boston Latin School, opened in Boston, Massachusetts. While it marked a significant development in American education, Black students were excluded from attending. Racial segregation in education would persist for centuries.

After his home in Queens, New York, was firebombed earlier that morning, Malcolm X delivered what would become his final public speech at the Ford Auditorium in Detroit. Addressing the crowd with unwavering resolve, he spoke about systemic oppression, international solidarity, and the ongoing struggle for Black liberation. Just one week later, he would be assassinated in New York City.

The National Negro Congress was organized in Chicago at a meeting attended by 817 delegates representing over 500 organizations. Asa Philip Randolph, leader of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, was elected president. The Congress aimed to unite Black workers, intellectuals, and activists in the fight against racial discrimination and economic injustice.

Gregory Hines was born on February 14, 1946, in New York City. He began tap dancing at the age of two and started performing professionally with his older brother, Maurice, as “The Hines Kids” by the time he was five. Their father later joined the act as a drummer, and the trio became known as “Hines, Hines, and Dad.” ?BroadwayWorld

Hines was a pivotal figure in the resurgence of tap dancing during the late 20th century. He made significant contributions to Broadway, earning Tony Award nominations for his performances in “Eubie!” (1979), “Comin’ Uptown” (1980), and “Sophisticated Ladies” (1981). He won the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical for his role in “Jelly’s Last Jam” (1992). ?Encyclopedia

In addition to his stage work, Hines had a successful film career with notable roles in “The Cotton Club” (1984), “White Nights” (1985), and “Tap” (1989), where he starred alongside Sammy Davis Jr. He also appeared in television shows such as “Will & Grace” and voiced the character Big Bill in the animated children’s series “Little Bill.” ?Wikipedia 

Hines was instrumental in promoting and preserving the art of tap dance. He successfully advocated for the creation of National Tap Dance Day in the United States, first celebrated in 1989 and now observed in numerous cities across the country and in other nations. ?

Gregory Hines passed away on August 9, 2003, in Los Angeles, California, due to liver cancer.

Morehouse College was organized in Augusta, Georgia, on February 14, 1867. Originally named the Augusta Institute, it was established to train African American men for the ministry and teaching. The college later moved to Atlanta and was renamed Morehouse College, becoming one of the most prestigious historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in the United States.

Frederick Douglass, born into slavery as Frederick Bailey, is widely believed to have been born on this day. After escaping slavery, he purchased his freedom in 1845 and became one of the most influential abolitionists and orators of the 19th century.

Richard Allen was born into slavery in Philadelphia on this day in 1760. He later purchased his freedom and became a pioneering religious and civic leader. Allen founded the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church in 1816, the first independent Black denomination in the United States, advocating for spiritual and social upliftment of African Americans.

Louis Armstrong’s “Hello Dolly” recording becomes his first and only number one record.

Malcolm X delivered his powerful speech “There Is a Worldwide Revolution Going On” at the Audubon Ballroom in New York City. In this address, he emphasized the global nature of the struggle against oppression, connecting the civil rights movement in the United States with liberation movements across Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The speech highlighted Malcolm X’s shift toward a more internationalist and Pan-African perspective following his pilgrimage to Mecca.

Malcolm X – “You and I are living at a time when there is a revolution going on. A worldwide revolution. It goes beyond Mississippi. It goes beyond Alabama. It goes beyond Harlem. There is a worldwide revolution going on.”

During a United Nations session on Congo, nationalists disrupted the proceedings with a dramatic demonstration in honor of Patrice Lumumba, the slain Congolese Premier. The protest highlighted global outrage over Lumumba’s assassination and symbolized continued resistance to colonial and neocolonial interference in African affairs.

On February 15, 1968, Henry Lewis made history by becoming the first African American to be appointed as the music director and conductor of a major American symphony orchestra—the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra (NJSO). At 36 years old, Lewis was selected over more than 150 candidates for this prestigious position. ?HISTORY

Born on October 16, 1932, in Los Angeles, California, Lewis exhibited musical talent early in life. He began studying piano at the age of five and later learned to play the clarinet and various string instruments. By 16, he joined the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra as a double-bassist, becoming the first African American instrumentalist in a major American symphony orchestra. After serving in the U.S. Army, where he conducted the Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra, Lewis returned to Los Angeles and, in 1961, became the assistant conductor of the Los Angeles Philharmonic.

On February 15, 1965, Nat King Cole, an acclaimed singer and pianist, died at the age of 45 in Santa Monica, California. Known for his smooth baritone voice and jazz piano mastery, Cole broke racial barriers in the entertainment industry, becoming the first African American to host a national television variety show in the U.S. His contributions left a lasting legacy in music and civil rights.

U.S. civil rights activists and African nationalists disrupted United Nations sessions to protest the assassination of Congolese Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba. The protest brought international attention to Lumumba’s murder and highlighted concerns about foreign intervention in African affairs during the decolonization era.

A group of Black abolitionists stormed a Boston courtroom to rescue Shadrach Minkins, a fugitive slave who had been captured under the Fugitive Slave Act. The daring rescue, led by members of the Boston Vigilance Committee, allowed Minkins to escape to freedom in Canada. This act of civil disobedience highlighted Northern resistance to slavery and galvanized anti-slavery activism across the United States.

On this day, Black abolitionists in Boston boldly stormed a courtroom to rescue Shadrach Minkins, a fugitive slave captured under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Minkins had escaped slavery in Virginia and found work in Boston, but was arrested by U.S. marshals. Members of the Boston Vigilance Committee, a group committed to protecting fugitive slaves, freed him from custody and helped him reach safety in Canada. The incident became a powerful symbol of resistance to the Fugitive Slave Act and federal enforcement of slavery.

On this day, five-year-old Sarah Roberts was barred from attending a whites-only public school in Boston. Her father, Benjamin Roberts, filed Roberts v. City of Boston, the first legal challenge to school segregation in the United States. Although the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court ruled against them in 1850, the case laid important groundwork for future civil rights litigation, including Brown v. Board of Education over a century later.

The New Jersey Legislature approved a law for the gradual emancipation of enslaved African Americans, becoming the last Northern state to initiate the abolition of slavery. The law freed children born to enslaved mothers after July 4, 1804, but required them to serve lengthy indentures—men until age 25, women until age 21—delaying true freedom for decades. Despite its limitations, the law marked a critical step toward ending slavery in the North.

Joe Frazier defeated Jimmy Ellis by knockout in the second round at Madison Square Garden, New York, to become the undisputed world heavyweight boxing champion. Frazier’s victory solidified his place in boxing history and set the stage for his legendary bouts with Muhammad Ali.

Malcolm X delivered his speech “Not Just an American Problem, But a World Problem” at the Corn Hill Methodist Church in Rochester, New York. In one of his final public addresses before his assassination, Malcolm X framed the struggle for Black civil rights in the U.S. as part of a global human rights movement. He emphasized the need for international solidarity and urged African Americans to bring their grievances before the United Nations.

LeVar Burton was born in Landstuhl, Germany. He rose to prominence for his portrayal of Kunta Kinte in the groundbreaking television miniseries Roots, based on Alex Haley’s novel. Burton later became a cultural icon in the 1980s and 1990s for his role as Lt. Commander Geordi La Forge in Star Trek: The Next Generation. His work has had a lasting impact on representation in media and science fiction.

The New York City Council passed a groundbreaking bill prohibiting racial discrimination in city-assisted housing developments. This legislation marked a significant step forward in the fight for fair housing and civil rights, setting a precedent for other cities to follow in challenging segregation and promoting racial equality in public housing.

Blues legend Bessie Smith made her first recording, “Down Hearted Blues,” for Columbia Records. The song became an instant hit, selling over 800,000 copies in its first year. Smith’s powerful voice and emotive style helped shape the classic blues genre and paved the way for future generations of Black female vocalists.

The Virginia House of Delegates voted unanimously to retire “Carry Me Back to Old Virginia” as the official state song. The decision came after growing criticism over the song’s romanticized portrayal of slavery and its offensive lyrics. This marked a significant step in addressing the legacy of racism in state symbols and promoting a more inclusive historical narrative.

Legendary jazz pianist and composer Thelonious Monk died at the age of 64. Known for his unique improvisational style and contributions to the development of modern jazz, Monk composed numerous standards including ‘Round Midnight, Blue Monk, and Straight, No Chaser. His innovative approach and distinctive sound left a lasting impact on jazz and American music as a whole.

The U.S. Navy commissioned the frigate USS Jesse L. Brown (DE/FF/FFT-1089), named in honor of Ensign Jesse L. Brown—the first African American naval aviator in U.S. history and the first to die in combat, during the Korean War. The ship’s commissioning marked a historic recognition of Brown’s legacy and service, symbolizing progress in the integration of the U.S. armed forces.

Ronald DeVoe, a singer and one of the founding members of the R&B/hip-hop group Bell Biv DeVoe, was born in Boston, Massachusetts. The group, a spin-off from New Edition, became influential in the new jack swing era of the early 1990s with hits like “Poison.” DeVoe’s contributions helped shape a unique sound blending R&B, hip-hop, and pop.

Michael Jeffrey Jordan, widely regarded as the greatest basketball player of all time, was born in Brooklyn, New York. Known for his legendary career with the Chicago Bulls, Jordan won six NBA championships and five MVP awards. He also briefly played minor league baseball and became a global icon both on and off the court.

Huey P. Newton, co-founder of the Black Panther Party, was born in Monroe, Louisiana. An illiterate high school graduate, Newton taught himself to read before attending Merritt College and the San Francisco Law School. In 1966, he co-founded the Black Panther Party in Oakland with Bobby Seale, in response to systemic police brutality and racial injustice.

Mary Frances Berry was born in Nashville, Tennessee. She would go on to become a pioneering educator, civil rights advocate, and historian. Berry made history as the first woman to serve as chancellor of a major research university (University of Colorado at Boulder) and later became chair of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. Her work has had a lasting impact on education policy and civil rights in America.

James Nathaniel Brown, known as Jim Brown, was born on this day in St. Simons Island, Georgia. Widely regarded as one of the greatest football players of all time, Brown was also a lacrosse star and a prominent civil rights activist. Off the field, he advocated for Black empowerment and founded organizations supporting urban youth and social justice.

Charles A. Hayes, civil rights advocate and U.S. Representative from Illinois, was born in Cairo, Illinois. A labor leader and longtime supporter of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Hayes was first elected to Congress on September 12, 1983, in a special election. In 1989, he was re-elected to a fourth term, representing Chicago’s South Side. Hayes was known for his advocacy on labor rights, education, and social justice issues.

Marian Anderson was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A gifted contralto, she was entered in the New York Philharmonic Competition at age 17 and placed first among 300 singers. In 1930, she was awarded a Rosenwald Fellowship, which allowed her to study in Europe, where she gained international acclaim. Anderson would later become a symbol of the struggle for civil rights, famously performing at the Lincoln Memorial in 1939 after being denied the use of Constitution Hall due to her race.

African American inventor A.C. Richardson was granted U.S. Patent #466,470 for an innovative butter churn design. His invention improved the efficiency of churning cream into butter, reflecting the often-overlooked contributions of Black inventors to everyday technology and agricultural tools in the 19th century.

The U.S. Congress passed a resolution to readmit Mississippi to representation in Congress, with the condition that the state would never amend its constitution to disenfranchise Black citizens. This move was part of Reconstruction-era efforts to enforce civil rights for newly freed African Americans, though such protections were later undermined during the Jim Crow era.

H. Grenon, an African American inventor, received U.S. Patent No. 554,867 for a razor stropping device designed to maintain the sharpness of straight razors. His invention contributed to the evolution of personal grooming tools during a time when safety razors had not yet become widely accessible, showcasing Black innovation during the post-Reconstruction era.

Malcolm X participated in a live radio debate with Gordon Hall, a self-proclaimed expert on extremism, just three days before his assassination. The interview grew heated as Hall challenged Malcolm’s views, and during the broadcast, Malcolm X received threats. This exchange marked his final public interview and underscored the intense hostility he faced near the end of his life.

Palmer Hayden, a prominent African American painter associated with the Harlem Renaissance, passed away at the age of 82. Known for his vivid depictions of African American life, folklore, and historical figures, Hayden challenged mainstream artistic norms and celebrated Black identity. His work, including pieces like The Janitor Who Paints and The Baptism, remains influential in American art history.

Toni Morrison, born Chloe Anthony Wofford in Lorain, Ohio, would become one of the most celebrated authors in American literature. She was the first African American woman to win the Nobel Prize in Literature and received the Pulitzer Prize for her novel Beloved, which explores the legacy of slavery and memory. Morrison’s powerful storytelling and contributions to literature have left an enduring impact worldwide.

Paul Revere Williams, the first African American member of the American Institute of Architects (AIA), was born on this day in Los Angeles, California. Known as the “architect to the stars,” Williams designed thousands of buildings, including luxury homes for celebrities and major public structures like the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) Theme Building. His career broke racial barriers and left a lasting legacy on American architecture.

An institution that would eventually become Morehouse College was founded in Augusta, Georgia. Originally established to educate freedmen and train Black ministers, the school later relocated to Atlanta and became Morehouse College. It has since grown into one of the most prestigious historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in the United States, known for its legacy of leadership, scholarship, and social justice.

As Confederate forces abandoned Charleston near the end of the Civil War, the first Union troops to enter the city included the Twenty-first United States Colored Troops (U.S.C.T.), followed by two companies of the renowned Fifty-fourth Massachusetts Volunteers. Their entry symbolized a powerful moment of liberation, as Black soldiers—many of whom had once been enslaved—marched into a city that had been a central hub of the Confederacy and the transatlantic slave trade.

Four Quakers in Germantown, Pennsylvania, drafted the first recorded formal protest against slavery by an organized white body in English America. Known as the “Germantown Protest,” the document condemned both slavery and the transatlantic slave trade, arguing that it violated Christian ethics and human rights. Though initially set aside, the protest became a foundational moment in American abolitionist thought.

On February 18, 1965, The Gambia gained independence from British colonial rule and became a sovereign nation within the Commonwealth. Dawda Jawara became the country’s first Prime Minister. The day is celebrated annually as National Independence Day, marking a significant milestone in African self-determination and the broader movement of decolonization across the continent.

Vonetta Flowers made history by becoming the first Black athlete to win a gold medal in the Winter Olympic Games. Competing alongside her partner Jill Bakken, Flowers triumphed in the inaugural women’s two-person bobsled event at the Salt Lake City Olympics. Her groundbreaking victory broke racial barriers in winter sports and inspired a new generation of athletes.

Dorothy Maynor, a trailblazing African American soprano and music educator, passed away on this day. Known for her rich voice and groundbreaking career, she was the first African American to sing at a U.S. presidential inauguration (1949) and later became the first African American on the board of the Metropolitan Opera. She also founded the Harlem School of the Arts, expanding access to music education for thousands of children.

John Singleton made history as the first African American—and the youngest person ever at the time—to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Director. He was also nominated for Best Original Screenplay for his groundbreaking debut film Boyz n the Hood. The film offered a powerful portrayal of life in South Central Los Angeles and became a landmark in Black cinema.

The U.S. Army Air Corps activated the 100th Pursuit Squadron at Tuskegee Institute, marking the official beginning of the Tuskegee Airmen program. As the first all-African American flying unit in the U.S. military, the squadron would go on to serve with distinction during World War II, particularly in England and across Europe. Their success challenged racial stereotypes and paved the way for the desegregation of the U.S. Armed Forces.

Soul singer and songwriter William “Smokey” Robinson was born in Detroit, Michigan. While still in high school, he formed the group the Miracles in 1955. The group achieved major success in 1960 with the hit song “Shop Around,” which helped launch the Motown sound. Robinson would go on to become a key figure in Motown’s rise and a legendary influence in soul and R&B music.

The first Pan-African Congress, organized by W.E.B. Du Bois, convened at the Grand Hotel in Paris. It brought together 57 delegates from 16 countries and colonies, including 16 from the United States and 14 from Africa. The Congress aimed to address the rights and freedoms of people of African descent worldwide in the wake of World War I. Blaise Diagne of Senegal was elected president, and W.E.B. Du Bois served as secretary.

Confederate forces defeated Union troops, including three Black regiments and six white regiments, at the Battle of Olustee in Florida, about fifty miles from Jacksonville. This was the largest Civil War battle fought in Florida. Despite their defeat, the bravery of Black soldiers, particularly the 54th Massachusetts and the 8th U.S. Colored Troops, earned respect and helped to change perceptions of Black military service.

At the 33rd Annual Grammy Awards, African American musicians won eight major awards, showcasing the continued impact of Black artists on global music. Notable winners included Mariah Carey (Best New Artist), MC Hammer (Best Rap Solo Performance), and Quincy Jones, who won six awards including Album of the Year for Back on the Block. Their wins reflected the growing recognition of Black excellence across a variety of musical genres.

State troopers used tear gas to suppress student demonstrations at Alcorn A&M College (now Alcorn State University) in Mississippi. The protests were part of a wave of student activism demanding better campus conditions, academic reforms, and the resignation of the college president. This event underscored the growing role of historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) in the civil rights and Black Power movements of the 1960s.

Charles Wade Barkley, Hall of Fame basketball player and sports analyst, was born in Leeds, Alabama. Known for his dominant rebounding, outspoken personality, and versatility on the court, Barkley played 16 seasons in the NBA and was an 11-time All-Star. He later became a prominent commentator on TNT’s Inside the NBA.

Nancy Wilson, an acclaimed jazz, R&B, and pop vocalist, was born in Chillicothe, Ohio. Known for her smooth, expressive voice and versatility across genres, Wilson released over 70 albums and earned three Grammy Awards during her illustrious career. She was also a prominent television personality and civil rights advocate, making a lasting impact on American music and culture.

John Hope, the first Black president of both Morehouse College and Atlanta University, passed away on this day. A prominent educator and advocate for racial equality, Hope worked to expand higher education opportunities for African Americans and was a founding member of the NAACP. His leadership and vision helped shape the future of Black education in the United States.

Emmett Paige, Jr. was born in Jacksonville, Florida. He became one of the highest-ranking African Americans in the U.S. Army, achieving the rank of Lieutenant General. Over his distinguished career, Paige played a pivotal role in advancing military communications and later served as Assistant Secretary of Defense for Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence under President Bill Clinton. His legacy includes breaking racial barriers and modernizing U.S. defense technology.

The play Harlem, co-written by Wallace Thurman and William Jourdan Rapp, debuted in New York City. Offering a gritty, realistic portrayal of life in Harlem during the Harlem Renaissance, the play broke with the era’s romanticized depictions of Black life. Thurman, a key literary figure of the time, used his work to confront issues such as poverty, colorism, and racial identity head-on.

Sidney Poitier was born in Miami, Florida. He would go on to become the first Black man to win the Academy Award for Best Actor, for his role in Lilies of the Field (1963). Poitier broke racial barriers in Hollywood, starring in landmark films such as Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner and In the Heat of the Night, and later served as a diplomat for the Bahamas. His legacy endures as a pioneer in film and civil rights.

John F. Pickering, an inventor from Gonaïves, Haiti, was granted U.S. Patent No. 643,975 for his innovative airship design. His invention featured an aluminum-framed gas dome, directional fans, and adjustable air ducts, allowing for controlled ascent, descent, and navigation—advancements that predated the Wright brothers’ first flight by three years. Pickering’s work stands as a testament to early Black contributions to aviation technology.

Frederick Douglass, the leading Black spokesman of the 19th century, died on this day. Born into slavery, Douglass escaped and rose to prominence as a powerful abolitionist, orator, writer, and editor. For nearly fifty years, he advocated for the rights of African Americans and women, becoming a symbol of resilience and intellect in the fight for justice.

Tennessee Governor William G. Brownlow declared martial law in nine counties to suppress rampant violence and intimidation by the Ku Klux Klan during Reconstruction. Brownlow, a staunch Unionist and supporter of civil rights for freedmen, took the unprecedented step as part of his efforts to protect Black citizens and enforce federal Reconstruction policies in the face of Klan terrorism.

Inventor Otis Boykin was granted U.S. Patent No. 2,972,726 for an improved electrical resistor. His invention played a vital role in the development of guided missiles, IBM computers, and other electronic devices. Boykin held 27 patents in total, including one for a control unit used in the artificial heart pacemaker, significantly advancing medical and military technology.

Eva Jessye, the first African American woman to gain international recognition as a professional choral director, passed away at the age of 97. Known as the “First Lady of Negro Spirituals,” Jessye directed the choir for George Gershwin’s opera Porgy and Bess and was a key figure in preserving and promoting African American spiritual and folk music. Her contributions helped elevate Black choral traditions on global stages.

African Americans in Tampa, Florida, erupted in protest after the death of 23-year-old Melvin Hair, a Black man who died in police custody following a traffic stop. The incident, involving a white officer, sparked a night of unrest in the College Hill neighborhood. The rebellion highlighted ongoing tensions between the Black community and law enforcement, drawing national attention to issues of police brutality and systemic racism.

Malcolm X, a prominent African American leader and civil rights activist, was assassinated at age 39 while delivering a speech at the Audubon Ballroom in New York City. His death marked a pivotal moment in the Black freedom struggle. Known for his powerful oratory and advocacy for Black self-determination, Malcolm X’s legacy continues to influence movements for racial justice worldwide.

John Lewis, a key figure in the American Civil Rights Movement, was born in Troy, Alabama. He would go on to become the founding chairman of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and one of the “Big Six” leaders of the movement. Known for his unwavering commitment to nonviolence, Lewis played a pivotal role in events such as the Selma to Montgomery marches. He later served as a U.S. Congressman for over three decades, championing justice and equality.

Barbara Jordan was born in Houston, Texas. A trailblazing politician, educator, and civil rights leader, she became the first African American woman elected to the Texas Senate and the first Southern African American woman elected to the U.S. House of Representatives. Renowned for her powerful oratory and dedication to justice, she played a key role during the Watergate hearings and remains a symbol of integrity in American politics.

Nina Simone, born Eunice Kathleen Waymon in Tryon, North Carolina, was an acclaimed singer, pianist, and civil rights activist. Known for her powerful voice and genre-blending music that incorporated jazz, blues, classical, and soul, Simone used her artistry to speak out against racial injustice. Her songs like “Mississippi Goddam” and “To Be Young, Gifted and Black” became anthems of the Civil Rights Movement.

Thelonious Monk, one of the most influential figures in jazz history, was born on this day in Rocky Mount, North Carolina. Known for his unique improvisational style, dissonant harmonies, and contributions to the bebop movement, Monk helped shape modern jazz with compositions like “Round Midnight” and “Straight, No Chaser.” His work remains a cornerstone of jazz music worldwide.

On the day following the death of Frederick Douglass, the North Carolina Legislature—then dominated by a coalition of Black Republicans and white Populists—adjourned its session to honor his legacy. This rare display of interracial political cooperation reflected Douglass’s wide-reaching influence and the strength of Black political power during the Reconstruction and post-Reconstruction eras.

DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince made history by winning the first-ever Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance with their hit Parents Just Don’t Understand. Although the award was not televised—sparking controversy and a boycott by several rap artists—the win marked a major milestone in the recognition of hip-hop by the mainstream music industry.

Julius Winfield Erving II, famously known as “Dr. J,” was born in Roosevelt, New York. A revolutionary figure in professional basketball, Erving was known for his acrobatic slam dunks and graceful style of play. He played a key role in popularizing modern basketball and bridging the ABA and NBA eras, becoming one of the sport’s most influential players.

Ishmael Reed, an influential American poet, novelist, and essayist, was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Known for his satirical style and sharp critiques of American culture, Reed is a key figure in the Black Arts Movement and has been a powerful voice for African American expression through works like Mumbo Jumbo and The Free-Lance Pallbearers.

Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, known as the “Bronze Muse,” died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A prolific writer, lecturer, and activist, Harper published over a dozen books, including Poems on Miscellaneous Subjects (1854), Moses: A Story of the Nile (1869), and Sketches of Southern Life (1872). She was one of the most prominent female poets of the 19th century and a powerful voice in both the abolitionist and women’s suffrage movements.

Frazier B. Baker, a Black postmaster appointed by President McKinley, was lynched by a white mob in Lake City, South Carolina. The mob set his home on fire and shot him as he tried to flee with his family. His wife was wounded, and their six children were fired upon—his infant daughter Julia was killed, and the others were maimed or traumatized for life. This brutal act of racial violence highlighted the deadly resistance to Black federal appointments and spurred early civil rights advocacy efforts.

Horace Pippin, a self-taught African American painter, was born on this day in West Chester, Pennsylvania. Despite being wounded in World War I, he went on to become one of the most important American painters of his time. Pippin’s powerful works often depicted themes of war, racial injustice, and African American life. His notable painting “John Brown Going to His Hanging” is part of the collection at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.

Grafton Tyler Brown was born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. He became the first African American artist to depict the American West, gaining recognition as a skilled lithographer and landscape painter. His work documented the scenery and development of the Western frontier, and he later became one of the few Black artists of his era to achieve commercial success in the fine arts.

Frank E. Petersen Jr. was named the first Black general in the history of the United States Marine Corps. A distinguished aviator and Vietnam War veteran, Petersen broke racial barriers throughout his career and later achieved the rank of lieutenant general. His promotion marked a significant milestone in the integration and advancement of African Americans in the U.S. military.

Melvin Franklin, the deep-voiced bass singer of the legendary Motown group The Temptations, passed away in Los Angeles at age 53 due to complications from a brain seizure. As a founding member, Franklin was known for his rich vocals and charismatic stage presence, contributing to the group’s timeless hits and enduring legacy in American music history.

Constance Baker Motley was elected as Manhattan Borough President, becoming the first Black woman to hold the highest elective office in a major American city. A prominent civil rights lawyer and judge, her election marked a significant milestone in both racial and gender representation in U.S. politics.

Elston Gene Howard, the first African American to play for the New York Yankees, was born in St. Louis, Missouri. A talented catcher and later coach, Howard made history again in 1965 when he signed a $70,000 contract, making him the highest-paid player in Major League Baseball at the time. His achievements broke racial barriers and paved the way for future generations of Black athletes.

Louis Stokes was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He became the first African American elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio, serving from 1969 to 1999. A champion of civil rights and social justice, Stokes played a key role in founding the Congressional Black Caucus and led several important investigations in Congress. His legacy continues to impact American politics and Black representation in government.

Robert Smalls, a formerly enslaved man who became a Civil War hero and later a U.S. Congressman during Reconstruction, died in Beaufort, South Carolina. Smalls was renowned for commandeering a Confederate ship to freedom and went on to serve five terms in Congress, advocating for African American rights and education. His legacy remains a powerful symbol of Black leadership and resilience during and after the Civil War.

William H. Heard, an African Methodist Episcopal (AME) minister, educator, and civil rights advocate, was appointed U.S. Minister to Liberia by President Grover Cleveland. Heard’s appointment marked a significant diplomatic milestone, reflecting the influence of African American leaders in international affairs during the late 19th century.

On this day, Louisiana Governor Henry C. Warmoth signed one of the nation’s first public accommodations laws, which prohibited racial discrimination in public places such as hotels, theaters, and transportation. Passed during Reconstruction, this law was a bold effort to promote racial equality in the post-Civil War South and served as a model for future civil rights legislation.

Dr. William Edward Burghardt Du Bois, a pioneering educator, sociologist, and civil rights advocate, was born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. Du Bois was the first African American to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard University and co-founded the NAACP in 1909. A powerful voice for racial justice, he was a prolific writer and influential leader in both American and Pan-African movements.

Rebecca Lee Crumpler became the first Black woman in the United States to earn a medical degree, graduating from the New England Female Medical College. Born in 1833, she worked as a nurse from 1852 to 1860 in Massachusetts before pursuing formal medical education. Her groundbreaking achievement paved the way for generations of Black women in medicine.

Kwame Nkrumah, the elected leader and first president of Ghana, was overthrown in a military coup while on a peace mission to Vietnam. Nkrumah, a prominent Pan-Africanist and key figure in Ghana’s independence from British rule, had increasingly faced political opposition at home. His ousting marked a turning point in Ghanaian politics and had broader implications for post-colonial leadership across Africa.

Jimmy Ellis, born James Albert Ellis in Louisville, Kentucky, was a prominent heavyweight boxer who became World Boxing Association (WBA) champion in April 1968 after defeating Jerry Quarry. Known for his speed and skill, Ellis trained alongside Muhammad Ali and earned respect for his sportsmanship and talent in a highly competitive era of boxing.

The U.S. House of Representatives voted 126 to 47 to impeach President Andrew Johnson, primarily for violating the Tenure of Office Act. This was a pivotal moment in Reconstruction, as Johnson had consistently opposed civil rights efforts and vetoed legislation aimed at protecting formerly enslaved people. His impeachment reflected growing Congressional frustration with his leniency toward the former Confederate states and resistance to Black advancement.

Daniel Alexander Payne, a key leader in African American religious and educational life, was born on this day. He became the first Black president of a college in the United States—Wilberforce University—and one of the earliest bishops of the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church. Payne was a staunch advocate for education and played a pivotal role in shaping the AME Church’s commitment to learning and literacy.

Adrienne Mitchell, a U.S. Army Specialist, became the first African American woman to die in combat during the Persian Gulf War. She was killed when an Iraqi missile struck a U.S. military barracks in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. The attack claimed the lives of 28 soldiers and highlighted the service and sacrifice of African American women in the U.S. military.

White supremacist John William King was sentenced to death in Jasper, Texas, for the brutal 1998 murder of James Byrd Jr., a Black man. Byrd was chained to the back of a pickup truck and dragged for miles in one of the most horrific racially motivated crimes in U.S. history. The case drew national attention and led to the passage of hate crime legislation, including the federal Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act in 2009.

R. Kelly’s inspirational ballad “I Believe I Can Fly” won three Grammy Awards: Best Male R&B Vocal Performance, Best R&B Song, and Best Song Written for a Motion Picture or for Television. Originally featured in the 1996 film Space Jam, the song became an anthem of hope and aspiration, showcasing the power of R&B in mainstream cinema and music.

Mike Tyson defended his heavyweight titles and solidified his status as the undisputed heavyweight champion by defeating Frank Bruno in a fifth-round technical knockout. Tyson’s victory retained the WBA, WBC, and IBF titles, marking a dominant era in boxing and making him one of the most feared and celebrated boxers in history.

Edward Daniel Nixon, former president of the Georgia NAACP and a key figure in the American Civil Rights Movement, died at age 87. A longtime activist, Nixon played a pivotal role in organizing the Montgomery Bus Boycott and was instrumental in supporting Rosa Parks after her arrest in 1955. His work laid the foundation for broader civil rights victories in the South.

Robert E. Hayden, an acclaimed African American poet and the first Black person to be appointed as Poetry Consultant to the Library of Congress (a role now known as U.S. Poet Laureate), died on this day. Known for works such as “Those Winter Sundays” and “Middle Passage,” Hayden’s poetry often explored African American history and identity with profound depth and lyricism. His legacy continues to influence generations of poets and readers.

Daniel “Chappie” James Jr., the first African American to attain the rank of four-star general in the U.S. military, died at the Air Force Academy in Colorado. A decorated fighter pilot and a respected leader, James broke racial barriers throughout his career, serving in World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. His legacy remains a milestone in U.S. military and civil rights history.

Elijah Muhammad, longtime leader of the Nation of Islam, died in Chicago at the age of 77. Under his leadership, the organization grew significantly, advocating Black self-sufficiency, discipline, and identity. After his death, his son Wallace D. Muhammad (later Warith Deen Mohammed) succeeded him, initiating major reforms to align the movement more closely with mainstream Sunni Islam.

President Richard Nixon met with the newly formed Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) for the first time, following months of pressure from the group. The CBC presented a 60-page policy statement titled “The Black Declaration of Independence,” outlining critical issues facing Black Americans, including civil rights, economic justice, and political representation. This meeting marked a significant step in the Caucus’s mission to advocate for African American interests at the highest levels of government.

On this day, 22-year-old Muhammad Ali—then known as Cassius Clay—defeated Sonny Liston in Miami Beach to become the world heavyweight boxing champion. The victory shocked the boxing world and marked the rise of one of the most influential sports figures in history. Shortly after the fight, Clay announced his conversion to Islam and changed his name to Muhammad Ali, symbolizing a new chapter in both his life and the broader civil rights movement.

One day after winning the world heavyweight boxing title, Cassius Clay announced his conversion to Islam and adopted the name Muhammad Ali. The change marked a profound turning point in his life and career, symbolizing his spiritual commitment and alignment with the Nation of Islam. Ali’s embrace of his new identity challenged racial norms and established him as a bold and influential figure in both sports and civil rights history.

The U.S. Congress passed the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which guaranteed that the right to vote could not be denied based on “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” This landmark legislation was a major victory for Black men following the Civil War and marked a critical step in the struggle for civil rights and racial equality in the United States.

At the 27th Annual Grammy Awards, African-American musicians achieved sweeping success. Lionel Richie’s Can’t Slow Down won Album of the Year for 1984. Tina Turner claimed Record of the Year for What’s Love Got to Do with It, also earning Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. The Pointer Sisters won Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal for Jump (For My Love), showcasing the broad impact of Black artists on mainstream music.

President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Andrew Brimmer as the first African American governor of the Federal Reserve Board. A respected economist and academic, Brimmer served on the Board from 1966 to 1974, where he played a key role in shaping U.S. monetary policy during a time of economic and social change.

Jimmie Lee Jackson, a 26-year-old civil rights activist, died from injuries sustained during a peaceful voting rights protest in Marion, Alabama. He was reportedly shot by a state trooper while protecting his family. Jackson’s death became a catalyst for the Selma to Montgomery marches, pivotal events in the Civil Rights Movement that led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

A violent race riot erupted in Columbia, Tennessee, after a dispute between a Black Navy veteran and a white shopkeeper. The incident escalated into a broader confrontation between the Black community and white authorities. White mobs and police attacked Black neighborhoods, resulting in two deaths and ten injuries. The NAACP intervened with legal support, and future Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall helped defend the arrested Black men. The event marked a turning point in postwar civil rights activism.

Godfrey Cambridge, a prominent African American actor and comedian, was born on February 26, 1933, in New York City. Known for his sharp wit and social commentary, Cambridge gained fame in the 1960s and 70s with roles in films like The President’s Analyst and Cotton Comes to Harlem. He used humor to address issues of race and civil rights, becoming a powerful voice in entertainment during a transformative era in American history.

The Green Pastures, a groundbreaking play by Marc Connelly, opened at the Mansfield Theatre in New York City. Featuring an all-Black cast, it was one of the first major Broadway productions to do so. The play, which presented biblical stories through the perspective of African American spiritual culture, became a critical and commercial success, winning the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1930.

Antoine “Fats” Domino, an influential American singer, pianist, and songwriter, was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. Known for hits like Blueberry Hill and Ain’t That a Shame, Domino helped shape early rock and roll with his boogie-woogie piano style and smooth vocals. His music bridged rhythm and blues with mainstream pop, paving the way for generations of artists.

Theodore “Tiger” Flowers, known as the “Georgia Deacon” for his devout faith, made history by defeating Harry Greb at Madison Square Garden to become the first African American to win the world middleweight boxing title. Flowers, a southpaw known for his speed and skill, carried a Bible into the ring and recited Psalm 144 before each fight. His victory was a significant milestone in the integration of professional boxing.

Historian Carter G. Woodson initiated the first Negro History Week to promote the study and celebration of Black history in the United States. Timed to coincide with the birthdays of Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass, the week-long observance laid the foundation for what would later become Black History Month, officially recognized in 1976.

On this day, Dr. Carter G. Woodson, often called the “Father of Black History,” founded Associated Publishers to promote and preserve African American history. In February 1926, he launched Negro History Week to encourage the study of Black achievements, aligning it with the birthdays of Abraham Lincoln and Frederick Douglass. This initiative laid the foundation for what became Black History Month, officially expanded in 1976 during the U.S. Bicentennial to honor the broad contributions of African Americans to the nation’s history and culture.

James E. O’Hara, a pioneering African American congressman from North Carolina, was born on this day. First elected to the U.S. House of Representatives on March 4, 1883, he served two terms until March 3, 1887. O’Hara was a strong advocate for civil rights, education, and racial equality during the Reconstruction era and its aftermath, becoming one of the few Black legislators in Congress during the 19th century.

At the Wormley Hotel in Washington, D.C., representatives of presidential candidate Rutherford B. Hayes and Southern Democrats held a private conference to resolve the disputed 1876 election. The resulting agreement, known as the Compromise of 1877, secured Hayes’s presidency in exchange for the withdrawal of federal troops from the South. This marked the end of Reconstruction and led to the disenfranchisement and systemic oppression of Black Americans for decades.

Wyatt Outlaw, a prominent Black leader of the Union League and the first African American town commissioner in Graham, North Carolina, was lynched by the Ku Klux Klan. His murder, carried out in front of the Alamance County Courthouse, was intended to intimidate Black citizens and suppress Reconstruction-era political progress. Outlaw’s death became a symbol of the violent backlash against Black political engagement during Reconstruction.

The U.S. Congress passed the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution, prohibiting the federal and state governments from denying citizens the right to vote based on “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” Although ratified in 1870, this landmark legislation was a major step forward for Black male suffrage during Reconstruction and laid a constitutional foundation for future civil rights advancements.

On this day, an African American inventor William B. Purvis was granted U.S. Patent No. 273,149 for an improved hand stamp. His design enhanced the mechanism for automatically inking and stamping, streamlining office tasks. Purvis was a prolific inventor dedicated to advancing practical technologies for everyday use. Purvis held several patents and was known for his innovations in mechanical devices.

American figure skater Debi Thomas made history by becoming the first Black athlete to win a medal at the Winter Olympics. She earned the bronze in women’s singles figure skating at the Calgary Games. Thomas’s achievement broke racial barriers in a sport long lacking diversity and inspired generations of Black athletes in winter sports.

Anna Julia Cooper, an educator, scholar, and advocate for the rights of Black women, died at the age of 105. Born into slavery in 1858, she went on to become one of the most prominent African American intellectuals of her time. Her groundbreaking book, A Voice from the South (1892), is considered one of the first articulations of Black feminist thought. Cooper’s life spanned from the Civil War through the Civil Rights Movement, and she left a lasting legacy in education and social justice.

Award-winning journalist Charlayne Hunter-Gault was born in Due West, South Carolina. She became one of the first two Black students to integrate the University of Georgia in 1961 and went on to have a groundbreaking career in journalism. Hunter-Gault worked for The New York Times, PBS NewsHour, and NPR, and became a prominent voice for civil rights and international reporting.

Marian Anderson, a groundbreaking African American contralto, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Renowned for her extraordinary voice and dignified presence, she broke racial barriers in classical music. In 1939, after being denied the right to perform at Constitution Hall due to her race, she famously sang at the Lincoln Memorial before a crowd of 75,000. Anderson later became the first Black person to perform at the Metropolitan Opera in 1955.

Charlotte E. Ray graduated from Howard University School of Law, becoming the first African American woman to earn a law degree in the United States. Admitted to the D.C. Bar the same year, Ray was also the first woman admitted to practice before the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. Her achievement broke both racial and gender barriers in the legal profession.

John W. Menard became the first Black man to speak on the floor of the U.S. House of Representatives, defending his right to represent Louisiana’s Second Congressional District. Although Menard won the special election, his opponent contested the results. The House refused to seat either candidate, and Congressman James A. Garfield remarked that it was “too early to admit a Negro to the U.S. Congress.” Despite being denied the seat, Menard’s speech marked a historic first for African Americans in U.S. political history.

The United States Congress adopted the 15th Amendment to the Constitution, prohibiting the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” This landmark amendment was a major victory during Reconstruction, aimed at securing voting rights for Black men following the Civil War.

The Dominican Republic declared its independence from Haiti on February 27, 1844, ending 22 years of Haitian rule. Though complex in its racial and political history, the event marked a pivotal moment in Caribbean history. The independence movement was led by Juan Pablo Duarte and the secret society La Trinitaria. This day is celebrated annually as Dominican Independence Day.

Maria W. Stewart, a free Black woman, became the first American-born woman to speak publicly to a mixed audience of men and women, Black and white. Her bold lectures in Boston addressed issues such as race, women’s rights, education, and morality. Stewart’s courage and eloquence made her a pioneering voice in both the abolitionist and early feminist movements.

Prince Hall, a prominent Revolutionary War veteran and the founder of African American Freemasonry, is believed to have been born on this date. Though much of his early life remains unclear, Hall is celebrated for establishing the first African Masonic Lodge and advocating for the rights and education of free Black people in America during the 18th century.

Willi Smith, a pioneering African American fashion designer, was born on this day in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He co-founded the influential label WilliWear Limited, which became known for its affordable, stylish clothing that blended streetwear and high fashion. Smith was one of the most commercially successful Black designers of the 20th century and left a lasting legacy on the fashion industry before his untimely death in 1987.

African American inventor Richard Spikes patented an early version of the automatic gear shift, a key innovation in automotive technology. His invention contributed to the development of modern automatic transmissions, enhancing vehicle safety and ease of use. Spikes held several patents and played a significant role in advancing mechanical engineering despite facing racial barriers.

The U.S. Congress passed the Second Enforcement Act, also known as the Civil Rights Act of 1871. This legislation gave federal officers the authority to supervise elections and ensure that Black Americans could vote without intimidation or obstruction. It was part of a series of Enforcement Acts designed to curb racial violence and suppress the growing influence of white supremacist groups like the Ku Klux Klan during Reconstruction.

The Arkansas legislature passed a law requiring all free Black people in the state to either leave Arkansas or face enslavement. This oppressive legislation reflected the intensifying racial discrimination in the antebellum South and underscored how even free Black communities were under constant threat of violence, displacement, and loss of liberty.

In a groundbreaking decision, the Rhode Island General Assembly passed legislation allowing the enlistment of enslaved men into the Continental Army. Those who enlisted were promised emancipation, making Rhode Island the first colony to offer freedom in exchange for military service during the American Revolutionary War. This act marked an early and significant intersection of Black military service and the struggle for freedom in the United States.

A violent slave revolt took place in Newton, Long Island (present-day Elmhurst, Queens, New York), resulting in the deaths of seven white colonists. In response, colonial authorities executed two Black male slaves and one Indigenous male slave by hanging, and a Black woman was burned alive. This early act of resistance highlights the brutal conditions of slavery in colonial America and the extreme punishments used to deter future uprisings.

Elias Neau, a French Huguenot and religious reformer, opened a school for Black students in New York City. Despite laws and social barriers against educating enslaved and free Black people, Neau’s school marked one of the earliest documented efforts to provide formal education to African-descended individuals in colonial America.

On this day, the “Exodus of 1879” began, marking the first major migration of Southern Black Americans after Reconstruction. Fleeing political oppression, violence, and economic exploitation in the South, thousands of African Americans—known as “Exodusters”—migrated to Kansas and other parts of the West in search of freedom and opportunity. The movement continued for several years and was led in part by Benjamin “Pap” Singleton, a formerly enslaved man who became a prominent advocate for Black land ownership and self-determination.

The 1940 United States Census reported a total population of 131,669,275, including 12,865,518 Black Americans—making up 9.8% of the national population. This data provided a critical benchmark for understanding the demographic landscape of the country on the eve of World War II and helped shape discussions on civil rights, labor, and migration in the decades to follow.

The acclaimed opera Porgy and Bess opened on Broadway featuring African American performers Anne Brown and Todd Duncan in the lead roles. Their casting marked a significant cultural milestone, showcasing Black talent in major theatrical productions during a time of widespread segregation and limited opportunities for Black artists on mainstream stages.

On this day, Sergeant Cornelius F. Adjetey was shot and killed by colonial police while leading a peaceful protest of ex-servicemen in Accra, demanding their promised pensions and better treatment after World War II. His death, along with those of Sergeant Odartey Lamptey and Private Attipoe, sparked widespread riots and became a turning point in the struggle for Ghana’s independence, marking Adjetey as the first martyr of the nation’s liberation movement.

Eddie Anderson, best known for his role as “Rochester” on The Jack Benny Program, passed away on this day. Anderson was one of the first Black actors to gain national fame on radio and television. His portrayal, while controversial for reinforcing stereotypes, also marked a major breakthrough in the visibility of Black performers in mainstream American entertainment.

Michael Jackson made history by winning eight Grammy Awards in one night, the most ever at the time, for his groundbreaking album Thriller. The album shattered sales records and redefined pop music, becoming one of the best-selling albums of all time. Jackson’s success cemented his status as the “King of Pop” and had a lasting impact on music, fashion, and popular culture worldwide.

Cornelius Gunter, lead singer of the legendary R&B group The Coasters, was shot and killed in Las Vegas, Nevada. Gunter joined The Coasters in 1957 and contributed to hits like “Poison Ivy” and “Charlie Brown.” He was later inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, recognizing his influence on American music and rock and roll history.

Nigerian computer scientist Philip Emeagwali was awarded the prestigious Gordon Bell Prize—often referred to as the “Nobel Prize of Computing”—for his groundbreaking work in high-performance computing. Using a novel method that employed a network of 65,000 processors, Emeagwali achieved a world-record computation speed. His work contributed significantly to advancements in oil reservoir modeling and laid groundwork for parallel computing technologies.

Quote: “My invention of the world’s fastest computing remained my signature contribution.”

National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (the Kerner Commission) said white racism was the fundamental cause of the riots in American cities. The commission said America was “moving toward two societies, one Black, one white, separate and unequal.

Juanita Hall, a celebrated singer and actress, passed away on this day. She was best known for her role as Bloody Mary in the Broadway musical South Pacific, for which she became the first African American to win a Tony Award. Hall broke racial barriers in American theater and film, leaving a legacy of artistic excellence and representation in the performing arts.

Hattie McDaniel made history by becoming the first African American to win an Academy Award. She received the Oscar for Best Supporting Actress for her role as “Mammy” in Gone With the Wind. Despite the racial segregation of the era, which even limited her presence at the awards ceremony, McDaniel’s win was a landmark moment in Hollywood. She remained the only Black woman to win an Oscar until Whoopi Goldberg won in 1991.