1966 - Kwame Nkrumah’s “Handbook of Revolutionary Warfare” Published in Egypt

On May 19, 1966, Ghana’s deposed first President, Kwame Nkrumah, published his seminal work “Handbook of Revolutionary Warfare” in Cairo, Egypt. Written during his exile following a CIA-backed coup in February 1966, the book was a bold call for Pan-African resistance against neocolonialism. Nkrumah outlined a strategy for uniting African liberation movements into a coordinated guerrilla effort to overthrow Western-controlled regimes. This lesser-known milestone in Black international history emphasized armed struggle, self-determination, and the formation of the All-African People’s Revolutionary Army (AAPRA). Though controversial, the handbook became a foundational text for liberation leaders across Southern Africa and the Caribbean. May 19, coinciding with Malcolm X’s birthday, underlines the global Black liberation synergy between Africa and the diaspora. Today, Handbook of Revolutionary Warfare remains a rare but critical document in the study of African revolutionary thought and strategy. SEO Keywords: Kwame Nkrumah, African revolution, May 19 history, Black internationalism, anti-colonialism.