The Alabama State Board of Education expelled nine students from Alabama State College for participating in sit-in demonstrations protesting segregation in Montgomery. Known as part of the civil rights student movement, their expulsion sparked national outrage and led to increased student activism. The incident also prompted civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. to write a letter in support of the students, further fueling the momentum of the movement.

Shauntay Hinton, representing the District of Columbia, was crowned Miss USA in 2002. She became the seventh Black woman to win the title, breaking barriers in the pageant world and serving as a role model for young women of color. Hinton went on to have a successful career in television and public speaking, using her platform to advocate for youth empowerment.

The New York Times published an article titled “Nubian Monarchy Called Oldest“, highlighting the findings of archaeologist Bruce Williams at Qustul, in what is now southern Egypt near the Sudanese border. Excavations revealed royal tombs and artifacts—including incense burners with royal iconography—dating back to around 3300 BCE, predating the earliest known Egyptian pharaohs.

These findings suggest that the ancient Nubian kingdom of Ta-Seti, often overlooked in mainstream history, may have pioneered the world’s first divine kingship—a form of monarchy where rulers were considered gods or divine agents. This concept later became central to the governance and religion of ancient Egypt.

The discovery challenges long-held Eurocentric narratives that placed Egypt as the sole cradle of advanced civilization in Africa. It reinforces the understanding that Nubia was not just a neighbor or rival to Egypt, but a source of major cultural and political innovations that flowed north along the Nile. Nubia had its own writing systems, monumental architecture, and rich spiritual traditions, and its legacy continues to influence African identity and pride today.

In response to public outcry over the “Civil Disturbance Information Collection Plan,” the U.S. Department of Defense announced it would limit its domestic electronic surveillance. The plan had authorized the monitoring of civil rights organizations and anti-war activists, raising serious concerns about government overreach and violations of constitutional rights. The policy change marked a victory for privacy advocates and civil rights groups who had long criticized military and intelligence agency surveillance of Black activists and community leaders.

The U.S. House of Representatives voted 307 to 116 to expel Rep. Adam Clayton Powell Jr. of New York, the first Black congressman from the state. Although officially removed over allegations of financial misconduct, many civil rights leaders argued that the expulsion was racially motivated. Powell was a powerful advocate for civil rights and social justice, and his removal sparked national debate about race, power, and political retaliation. The U.S. Supreme Court later ruled his exclusion unconstitutional, and he was re-elected by his constituents.

The Emancipation Centennial protest began on March 1, 1963, in Greenwood, Mississippi, with a major voter registration campaign. Organized by civil rights activists to mark 100 years since the Emancipation Proclamation, the protest spotlighted ongoing racial discrimination and Black disenfranchisement in the South. Despite intense resistance, including arrests and violence, the campaign laid the groundwork for future organizing efforts that would culminate in the 1965 Voting Rights Act.

On this day, Carl T. Rowan was appointed as the U.S. Ambassador to Finland, becoming one of the first African Americans to serve in such a high-level diplomatic position. A respected journalist and civil rights advocate, Rowan’s appointment marked a significant step forward for African American representation in international affairs and U.S. foreign policy during the Kennedy administration.

U.S. Air Force Captain Edward J. Dwight Jr. was selected for the fourth class of Aerospace Research Pilots at Edwards Air Force Base, making him the first Black astronaut candidate. His appointment was seen as a significant step toward racial integration in the U.S. space program. However, Dwight was controversially dropped from the program in 1965, amid allegations of racial bias. Though he never flew in space, his selection paved the way for future Black astronauts.

Beginning on March 1, 1960, approximately 1,000 students from Alabama State College marched on the state capitol in Montgomery to protest racial injustice. Over the course of the month, the students held protest meetings and demonstrations in defiance of segregation and inequality. Their activism played a vital role in the broader Civil Rights Movement and drew national attention to the struggle for justice in the Deep South.

Pope John XXIII elevated Bishop Laurian Rugambwa of Tanganyika (modern-day Tanzania) to the College of Cardinals, making him the first Black cardinal in the modern era of the Roman Catholic Church. Cardinal Rugambwa’s appointment was a historic milestone in the Church’s global outreach and representation, signaling a shift toward greater inclusivity and recognition of African leadership in the Catholic hierarchy.

Montgomery police broke up a peaceful protest on the Alabama State College campus, arresting thirty-five students, a teacher, and her husband. The demonstration was part of a wave of student-led civil rights activism inspired by the Greensboro sit-ins. This crackdown led to student expulsions and sparked national outrage, prompting further student protests and increasing support for the civil rights movement.

In response to the growing student-led sit-in movement across the South, police in Tallahassee, Florida, used tear gas to disperse peaceful Black student demonstrators protesting segregation. The protest, organized by students from Florida A&M University, was part of a broader wave of activism challenging Jim Crow laws and demanding civil rights. Despite the police crackdown, the demonstration drew national attention and further ignited student activism throughout Florida and the South.

San Antonio, Texas, became the first major Southern city to peacefully integrate its lunch counters. This significant step toward desegregation came without the violence or mass protests seen in other cities. The decision was the result of behind-the-scenes negotiations between Black community leaders and city officials, serving as a model for other cities in the South during the Civil Rights Movement.

Following sustained sit-in movements led by Black students across the South, four national chain stores announced that lunch counters in approximately 150 stores across 112 cities—including locations in North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, Texas, Tennessee, Missouri, Maryland, Florida, and Oklahoma—had been integrated. The announcement, made public on October 17, 1960, marked a significant milestone in the Civil Rights Movement and reflected the growing power of peaceful protest and student activism.

The Associated Press reported that more than 1,000 Black Americans had been arrested across the South for participating in sit-in protests against segregated lunch counters. Sparked by the Greensboro Four in North Carolina, the sit-in movement rapidly spread to cities throughout the region. The wave of peaceful, youth-led protests became a defining moment in the Civil Rights Movement, drawing national attention to the injustices of racial segregation.

Legendary boxer Joe Louis officially retired as the world heavyweight boxing champion after an unprecedented reign of eleven years and eight months. Known as the “Brown Bomber,” Louis defended his title 25 times and became a symbol of Black excellence and American pride, breaking racial barriers in sports during a time of segregation and discrimination.

Sherman Hemsley, the iconic actor best known for his roles as George Jefferson in All in the Family and The Jeffersons, and as Deacon Ernest Frye in Amen, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hemsley’s comedic brilliance and commanding screen presence helped redefine Black representation on television, bringing complexity, humor, and pride to working- and middle-class Black characters during a transformative era in American media.

Merlie Evers-Williams, a future civil rights activist and the first woman to chair the NAACP, is born in Vicksburg, Mississippi. The widow of Medgar Evers, she continued his legacy by fighting for justice and equality. Her leadership, including her role in revitalizing the NAACP, made her a pioneering figure in American history.

Harry Belafonte, legendary singer, actor, and civil rights activist, was born in Harlem, New York. Known as the “King of Calypso” for popularizing Caribbean music worldwide, Belafonte also played a pivotal role in the U.S. civil rights movement. He was a close confidant of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and used his platform to advocate for social justice, equality, and humanitarian causes throughout his life.

The influential magazine Survey Graphic released a special issue titled Harlem, Mecca of the New Negro, capturing the energy of the Harlem Renaissance. Curated by Alain Locke, the issue featured groundbreaking essays, poetry, and art by leading African-American thinkers and creatives. By the end of 1925, Locke expanded this work into the landmark anthology The New Negro, a defining publication that celebrated Black cultural achievement and intellectualism, helping to reshape how African-American identity was viewed in the U.S. and abroad.

Ralph Waldo Ellison, one of the most influential African American writers of the 20th century, was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. His landmark novel Invisible Man (1952) explores the social invisibility of Black Americans and remains a cornerstone of American literature. Ellison’s work delved deeply into identity, race, and the complexities of Black life in America.

Anna M. Mangin, an African American inventor, was granted U.S. Patent No. 470,005 for the pastry fork—a kitchen tool designed to make mixing dough more efficient and less messy. Her invention represented a significant contribution to domestic science and culinary efficiency. Mangin’s achievement highlights the often-overlooked role of Black women inventors in everyday innovations.

The U.S. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1875, granting African Americans the legal right to equal treatment in public accommodations such as inns, public transportation, theaters, and places of amusement. Although it marked a major milestone in post-Civil War civil rights legislation, the Supreme Court declared the Act unconstitutional in 1883, severely undermining federal efforts to combat racial discrimination for decades.

J. Milton Turner was appointed as U.S. Minister Resident to Liberia, becoming the first Black diplomat formally accredited to an African country. Although James W. Mason was named to the same post in March 1870, he never traveled to Liberia. Turner’s appointment marked a significant step in Black American participation in U.S. foreign policy and diplomacy.

On this day, Rebecca Lee (later Crumpler) graduated from the New England Female Medical College, becoming the first African American woman in the United States to earn a medical degree. Alongside trailblazers like Rebecca Cole and Susan McKinney Steward, she helped open the doors for future generations of Black women in medicine. Dr. Crumpler would go on to serve formerly enslaved people in the post-Civil War South and author one of the first medical publications by a Black physician.

Blanche Kelso Bruce was born into slavery in Prince Edward County, Virginia. He would go on to make history as the first Black man to serve a full term in the United States Senate, representing Mississippi from 1875 to 1881 during the Reconstruction Era. Bruce was a strong advocate for civil rights, education, and equal treatment for formerly enslaved people.

Pennsylvania became the first U.S. state to pass a law abolishing slavery with the enactment of the Gradual Abolition Act. This pioneering legislation did not immediately free enslaved people but set the foundation for gradual emancipation, requiring the registration of enslaved individuals and freeing future children born into slavery after a certain age. It marked a major early step in the legal dismantling of slavery in the United States.

The British colonial government, unable to defeat the Maroons—communities of formerly enslaved Africans who had escaped and formed independent settlements in Jamaica—was forced to sign a peace treaty. The treaty granted the Maroons autonomy and land in exchange for peace and the return of future runaway slaves. This marked a rare instance of a colonial power formally recognizing the rights and sovereignty of formerly enslaved people.

On this dated in 1867, Howard University, in Washington, D. C. named for General Oliver O. Howard, was established.

On this day in 1962, “Wilt the Stilt” Chamberlain scored 100 points in a single basketball game-a professional record that still stands today. He sunk 36 field goals and 28 foul shots.

Carole Gist crowned first black Miss USA.

Robert F. Flemming, Jr. patents a guitar.

Martin Luther King, Jr. announced plans for Poor People’s Campaign in Washington. He said he would lead a massive civil disobedience campaign in the capital to pressure the government to provide jobs and income for all Americans.

The Mary McLeod Bethune commemorative stamp is issued by the U.S. Postal Service as the eighth stamp in its Black Heritage USA series.

On March 6, 1857, the Dred Scott decision of the Supreme Court denied Blacks U.S. citizenship and denied the power of Congress to restrict slavery in any federal territory.

First cadets graduated from flying school at Tuskegee.

Alexander Thomas Augusta, first African American faculty member of an American medical school, Howard University, is born free

White firemen of the Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railroad struck to protest the hiring of Black firemen.

Through the 12th – three thousand delegates and five thousand observers attended the first Black political convention in Gary, Indiana. The NAACP and other groups withdrew from the convention after the adoption of resolutions critical of busing and the state of Israel.

Through 12th Manifesto denouncing Supreme Court ruling on segregation in public schools issued by one hundred Southern senators and representatives.

At the 12th Annual Grammy Awards, The Fifth Dimension—a racially integrated pop-soul group featuring African American vocalists—won Record of the Year for their hit medley “Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In.” Blending soul, pop, and psychedelic influences, the song became an anthem of the era, showcasing the group’s genre-defying sound and uplifting message during a time of social and cultural change.

Soul legend Otis Redding posthumously received a gold record for his iconic single “(Sittin’ On) The Dock of the Bay.” The award came just three months after Redding’s tragic death in a plane crash at the age of 26. The song, completed shortly before his passing, became the first posthumous single to reach No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 and remains a timeless classic in American music history.

On this day, Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun premiered at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre in New York City, starring Sidney Poitier and Claudia McNeil. It became the first Broadway play written by an African-American woman and ran for 530 performances, making it the longest-running Broadway play by an African-American at the time. The play broke new ground by portraying the struggles of a Black family with nuance and dignity, becoming a landmark in American theater and civil rights history.

Comedian and television star Flip Wilson received the International Broadcasting Man of the Year Award, recognizing his groundbreaking impact on American entertainment. Wilson became the first African American to achieve superstar status on national television, later hosting The Flip Wilson Show, which featured a diverse cast and introduced characters like Geraldine to pop culture. His success opened doors for generations of Black performers in mainstream media.

Bobby McFerrin, an innovative vocalist, composer, and conductor, was born on this day. Best known for his global hit “Don’t Worry, Be Happy,” McFerrin is celebrated for his genre-defying vocal techniques and improvisational style. He has won multiple Grammy Awards and helped expand the boundaries of jazz and a cappella music. His work has influenced generations of vocalists and musicians worldwide.

Dr. Reginald Weir became the first Black athlete to compete in the U.S. Indoor Lawn Tennis Association Championship. His participation marked a significant step toward integrating professional tennis in the United States. Weir had previously been denied entry to the tournament in the 1920s, but his perseverance paved the way for future generations of Black tennis players, including legends like Arthur Ashe and Althea Gibson.

Rev. Ralph David Abernathy was born in Linden, Alabama. A close aide to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Abernathy co-founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and played a pivotal role in the Civil Rights Movement. He was instrumental in organizing major protests, including the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and carried on the struggle for justice after King’s assassination.

On this day, Frederick Douglass was named president of the Freedmen’s Bank, an institution originally established to help newly emancipated African Americans build financial independence after the Civil War. Although Douglass was appointed late in the bank’s troubled history, he attempted to restore public confidence. Unfortunately, the bank collapsed shortly after, but Douglass’s leadership highlighted his enduring commitment to Black economic empowerment.

Charles Sumner, a leading abolitionist and U.S. Senator from Massachusetts, died on this day. A fierce advocate for racial equality during and after the Civil War, Sumner was a key figure in pushing for civil rights legislation, including the Civil Rights Act of 1875. He is also remembered for being brutally attacked in the Senate in 1856 for his anti-slavery stance—a moment that intensified national tensions over slavery. His legacy endures in the fight for justice and equal rights for African Americans.

On this day, twelve Black laborers in New Orleans were brutally attacked by a white mob. The violence, fueled by post-Reconstruction racial tensions and economic competition, resulted in the deaths of six Black workers. This tragic event underscored the persistent racial hostility and danger faced by African Americans seeking fair labor opportunities during the volatile Reconstruction era.

The Confederate Congress, meeting in Montgomery, Alabama, adopted the Confederate Constitution, explicitly protecting slavery. The document prohibited the passage of any law “denying or impairing the right of property in Negro slaves.” Unlike the U.S. Constitution, the Confederate version made slavery a central and permanent institution, reflecting the Confederacy’s foundational commitment to white supremacy and the enslavement of Black people.

Mauritius, an island nation in the Indian Ocean with a significant population of African and Afro-descendant heritage, achieved independence from British colonial rule on March 12, 1968. The event marked a major milestone in the global wave of decolonization and was celebrated as a triumph of self-determination for a diverse, multicultural society shaped by African, Indian, European, and Chinese influences.

On this day, Malcolm X publicly announced his departure from the Nation of Islam, citing growing ideological differences and disillusionment with the organization’s leadership. His resignation marked a turning point in his activism, leading to the formation of Muslim Mosque, Inc. and later the Organization of Afro-American Unity. This shift allowed Malcolm X to embrace a broader, more international approach to human rights and racial justice.

Playwright Charles Fuller was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Drama for his powerful play A Soldier’s Play. The work explores racism within the ranks of a segregated Black military unit during World War II. Fuller’s win was a milestone for African American playwrights and brought national attention to the complexities of Black identity, justice, and institutional racism in America.

Darryl Strawberry, a legendary Major League Baseball outfielder, was born on this day in Los Angeles, California. Known for his powerful swing and eight-time All-Star appearances, Strawberry played a key role in the success of teams like the New York Mets and the New York Yankees. His athletic prowess and later life redemption story made him a significant figure in both sports and popular culture.

Charlie “Bird” Parker, a pioneering alto saxophonist and one of the founding fathers of bebop, died on this day in New York City at the age of 34. Known for his rapid-fire improvisation, harmonic complexity, and emotional depth, Parker revolutionized jazz and influenced generations of musicians. His legacy lives on as a symbol of both artistic genius and the struggles of Black creatives in mid-20th century America.

On this day, New York became the first U.S. state to establish a Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC), aimed at combating racial and religious discrimination in the workplace. The commission marked a major milestone in civil rights history, laying groundwork for future equal employment legislation and signaling state-level commitment to workplace equity during the postwar era.

Virginia Hamilton was born on this day in Yellow Springs, Ohio. She would go on to become one of the most celebrated writers of juvenile and young adult fiction in American history. Known for blending African American folklore, history, and magical realism, Hamilton authored over 40 books, including M.C. Higgins, the Great, which won the Newbery Medal. Her work broke racial barriers in children’s literature and continues to inspire generations of readers.

Andrew Young, a key figure in the American Civil Rights Movement, was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. He would go on to become a close aide to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., serve as a U.S. Congressman, U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations under President Jimmy Carter, and later as Mayor of Atlanta. His career exemplifies a life dedicated to public service, global diplomacy, and the advancement of civil and human rights.

Dorothy Irene Height was born on this day. A tireless advocate for civil rights and women’s rights, she served for decades as the president of the National Council of Negro Women. Often called the “godmother of the civil rights movement,” Height played a crucial role in advancing equality through education, policy, and grassroots organizing. As noted by the NCNW: “Her life exemplifies her passionate commitment for a just society and her vision of a better world.”

On this day, Benjamin Banneker, a self-taught Black mathematician, astronomer, and surveyor, was commissioned alongside Pierre Charles L’Enfant to help lay out the District of Columbia. When L’Enfant abruptly left the project, Banneker recreated the entire city plan from memory, ensuring the continuation of the design. His contributions challenged prevailing views of Black intellectual capacity and left a lasting legacy in the nation’s capital.

Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, a Haitian-born fur trader of African and French descent, established a permanent settlement near the mouth of the Chicago River. Recognized as the “Founder of Chicago,” du Sable built a prosperous trading post that became the foundation of the city. His pioneering role is a testament to the significant contributions of Black individuals in early American frontier history.

On this day, John E. Lee became the first African American to be commissioned as an officer in the South Carolina National Guard since Reconstruction. His commissioning marked a significant step toward racial integration within the U.S. military forces in the South and reflected the broader civil rights advances of the era.

On this day, Maurice Bishop led the New Jewel Movement in a bloodless coup that overthrew the Grenadian government, making him the new Prime Minister. Bishop, a charismatic socialist leader, aimed to implement progressive reforms in education, health care, and workers’ rights. His leadership marked a significant chapter in Caribbean Black political history and resistance to colonial legacies.

Col. Benjamin O. Davis Jr., the legendary leader of the Tuskegee Airmen, assumed command of Lockbourne Air Force Base in Ohio. This marked a historic moment as he became the first Black officer to command an integrated U.S. Air Force base. Davis had previously led the 99th Fighter Squadron and the 332nd Fighter Group during World War II—units composed of Black pilots, bombardiers, navigators, and support crews who overcame racial discrimination to earn a distinguished combat record in Europe. Their success challenged racist beliefs and laid the groundwork for the desegregation of the U.S. military.

The Atlanta Daily World, founded by William A. Scott III, began publication on this day, becoming the first Black daily newspaper in the United States. Based in Atlanta, Georgia, the paper played a pivotal role in advocating for civil rights, informing the Black community, and challenging racial injustice in the segregated South. Its founding marked a significant milestone in Black journalism and media empowerment.

James Rhoden, a prominent African American sculptor known for his abstract and figurative works, was born on this day. Rhoden’s art often explored themes of heritage, identity, and the Black experience in America. Over his career, he contributed public sculptures, taught art, and became a respected figure in the American modernist movement.

In response to rising violence and intimidation by the Ku Klux Klan during Reconstruction, the Arkansas legislature passed a landmark anti-Klan law on March 12, 1869. This legislation empowered the governor to use the state militia to suppress white supremacist terrorism and protect Black citizens and Republican officials. The law represented one of the earliest state-level efforts to combat racial violence during the post-Civil War era.

In a significant shift in federal policy during the Civil War, the U.S. Congress passed an act forbidding Union military personnel from assisting in the capture or return of fugitive slaves. This law effectively ended what historian James McPherson referred to as the “military slave hunt.” It marked a critical step toward the emancipation of enslaved people and signaled a broader move by the Union toward abolitionist principles.

On March 12, 1865, Confederate President Jefferson Davis signed legislation permitting the enlistment of enslaved African Americans as soldiers in the Confederate army. This desperate act came in the final weeks of the Civil War, as the Confederacy faced imminent defeat. Though the policy marked a major contradiction in the South’s pro-slavery stance, very few enslaved men were actually armed or saw combat before the war ended.

Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, a Black French-speaking trader of African descent, established the first permanent settlement at “Shikaakwa” (later anglicized to Chicago), meaning “the place of wild onions.” Recognized as the founder of Chicago, du Sable also operated trading posts in what are now Peoria, Illinois; Port Huron, Michigan; and Michigan City, Indiana. His legacy as a pioneering merchant and settler underscores the foundational role of African Americans in early American frontier history.

Quincy Jones was born on March 14, 1933, in Chicago’s South Side. He discovered his love for music in elementary school and experimented with nearly every instrument in his school band before choosing the trumpet. At just 18 years old, he earned a scholarship to the prestigious Berklee College of Music in Boston. Jones would go on to become one of the most influential figures in modern music—working as a producer, arranger, and composer across genres from jazz to pop, and helping shape the careers of artists like Michael Jackson.

Eli Whitney received a U.S. patent for the cotton gin, a machine that revolutionized cotton processing by efficiently separating cotton fibers from seeds. While it boosted the Southern economy and solidified cotton as a dominant cash crop, the invention also drastically increased the demand for enslaved labor, intensifying the expansion of slavery across the American South.

William Jennings Jefferson was born in Lake Providence, Louisiana. In 1990, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, becoming the first African American congressman from Louisiana since Charles Edmund Nash served during Reconstruction. Representing Louisiana’s 2nd District from 1991 to 2009, Jefferson’s election marked a significant milestone in the state’s political history.

The U.S. Army established its first training camp for Black officers in Des Moines, Iowa. This historic move came amid mounting pressure from African American leaders and communities demanding the right to serve in leadership roles during World War I. The Des Moines camp trained over 1,000 Black men, commissioning 639 as officers—the first large group of African Americans to achieve such status in the U.S. military. Their success marked a significant step forward in the fight for racial equality in the armed forces.

In response to the Pennsylvania Reform Convention of 1837, which denied Black men the right to vote, African Americans in Philadelphia held a large mass meeting on March 14, 1838. This gathering was a powerful act of political protest and civic engagement, demonstrating early organized resistance to voter suppression and systemic racism in the North.

The NAACP launched one of its first coordinated legal challenges against educational segregation by filing a lawsuit on behalf of Thomas Hocutt, a Black student seeking admission to the University of North Carolina’s pharmacy program. Although the case was dismissed due to a technicality—when a Black college president refused to certify Hocutt’s academic records—it marked the beginning of the NAACP’s legal campaign that would eventually dismantle segregation in higher education.

Beginning in mid-March 1980, a wave of racially motivated violence tied to Ku Klux Klan activity broke out across several U.S. states, including Georgia, Tennessee, California, Indiana, and North Carolina. In the weeks that followed, scores of people were injured during protests, counter-protests, and Klan-organized events. The incidents underscored ongoing racial tensions in post-Civil Rights America and spurred calls for stronger legal action against hate groups.

Leon H. Washington founded the Los Angeles Sentinel, which would grow to become one of the most influential African American newspapers in the western United States. Created during the Great Depression, the paper gave voice to Black communities, covered civil rights issues, and highlighted local and national Black achievements. It remains a cornerstone of Black journalism and advocacy today.

Max Yergan, a pioneering missionary and YMCA secretary, received the Spingarn Medal for his outstanding work in South Africa. His efforts in education, cultural exchange, and interracial cooperation were celebrated as a symbol of what African Americans could offer to the African continent. The NAACP lauded Yergan’s achievements as “representing the gift of cooperation…American Negroes may send back to their Motherland.”

On this date, the Fifty-fifth U.S. Congress (1897–1899) convened with only one Black representative: George H. White of North Carolina. He was the last African American to serve in Congress during the post-Reconstruction era. White’s departure in 1901 marked the beginning of a nearly 30-year absence of Black representation in the U.S. Congress, a result of widespread voter suppression and Jim Crow laws in the South.

Lester Young, the iconic tenor saxophonist known for his smooth tone and laid-back style, died in New York City at the age of 49. A key figure in the Count Basie Orchestra and a major influence on modern jazz, Young’s lyrical playing helped shape the sound of the swing era and influenced generations of musicians. His nickname “Pres” (short for President), given by Billie Holiday, reflected his towering status in jazz history.

Freedom’s Journal, the first African American-owned and operated newspaper in the United States, was published in New York City. Founded by Samuel Cornish and John B. Russwurm, the paper provided a platform to counter racist narratives in mainstream media and advocate for the rights, education, and advancement of Black Americans. It marked a significant milestone in Black journalism and activism.

Over 267,000 Black and Puerto Rican students boycotted New York City public schools in a powerful follow-up to the February boycott. The protest demanded an end to school segregation and called for equitable educational resources and integration. As one of the largest civil rights demonstrations in the North, it reinforced grassroots resistance to systemic racism in education and showcased the unity of Black and Puerto Rican communities in the fight for justice.

On this day, Frederick McKinley Jones—an African-American inventor who passed in 1961—was posthumously honored for his groundbreaking contributions to modern refrigeration. Jones developed the first automatic refrigeration system for long-haul trucks in the 1930s, transforming the transportation of perishable goods. His invention was later adapted for trains, ships, and aircraft, reshaping food distribution and enabling the rise of the frozen food industry. His innovations revolutionized American eating habits and logistics on a global scale.

On this day, Thomas L. Jennings was formally recognized for his groundbreaking achievement as the first African American to receive a U.S. patent. In 1821, he was awarded a patent for a dry-cleaning process called “dry scouring.” Jennings used the proceeds from his invention to support abolitionist causes. He was also an activist and served as Assistant Secretary at the first annual Convention of the People of Color in 1831. His legacy bridges innovation and civil rights, setting a precedent for generations of Black inventors and leaders.

On this day, the United States Post Office issued a commemorative stamp honoring Dr. Percy Lavon Julian (1899–1975), a pioneering African American chemist. In 1935, Dr. Julian successfully synthesized physostigmine, a compound used to treat glaucoma. He later led soybean research at the Glidden Company and went on to found Julian Laboratories, where he innovated in the large-scale production of sterols extracted from soybean oil. His work laid the foundation for affordable steroid-based drugs, including cortisone and birth control.

Rebel troops led by Laurent-Désiré Kabila captured the strategic city of Kisangani during the First Congo War, marking a major turning point in the effort to overthrow longtime dictator Mobutu Sese Seko. The fall of Kisangani signaled the weakening grip of Mobutu’s regime and accelerated the collapse of the Zairean government. This event paved the way for the country’s renaming to the Democratic Republic of Congo and ushered in a new, yet turbulent, era in Central African politics.

Hiram R. Revels, the first African American to serve in the U.S. Senate, delivered his historic first speech opposing the readmission of Georgia to Congress. He argued that the state had not provided adequate protections for the civil rights of newly freed Black citizens. This speech marked the first official address by a Black legislator in the history of the United States Congress and signaled a bold stand for justice during Reconstruction.

Jackie Roosevelt Robinson made his professional baseball debut with the Montreal Royals in Daytona Beach, Florida — at the ballpark that would later bear his name. This historic game marked the beginning of Robinson’s groundbreaking career in professional baseball. Just one year later, in 1947, he would break Major League Baseball’s color barrier as a member of the Brooklyn Dodgers and earn the inaugural Rookie of the Year Award.

Norbert Rillieux, a pioneering chemical engineer, inventor, and Egyptologist, was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. A child of Creole heritage and the son of an inventor, Rillieux was educated in Paris, where he became an instructor at L’École Centrale at just 24 years old. He is best known for inventing the multiple-effect evaporator, a groundbreaking system that revolutionized the sugar refining industry by making it safer, more efficient, and less labor-intensive. His invention later found applications in other industries such as soap and paper. Rillieux is widely recognized as one of the earliest chemical engineers in history and a hidden genius of industrial science.

On this day, Maurice Ashley made history by becoming the first Black International Grandmaster in chess. Born in Jamaica and raised in Brooklyn, Ashley fell in love with the game at age 14 after reading about Paul Morphy, a 19th-century American chess legend. As a student at Brooklyn Technical High School, Ashley honed his skills in local parks and clubs. His achievement shattered barriers in the chess world and inspired a new generation of players from underrepresented communities.

On this day, Jacob Lawrence became the first visual artist to receive the NAACP’s prestigious Spingarn Medal, awarded for “eminence among American painters.” Known for his vivid portrayals of African American life, including his renowned Migration Series, Lawrence’s work brought Black history and everyday experiences to the forefront of American art. His award marked a significant recognition of Black excellence in the fine arts.

West Virginia State College was established in Institute, West Virginia, as a land-grant institution for Black students under the Second Morrill Act of 1890. It became a cornerstone of higher education for African Americans in Appalachia and later evolved into West Virginia State University. The college played a critical role in expanding access to education during segregation and remains a symbol of Black academic excellence.

Aaron Anderson, an African American landsman in the U.S. Navy, received the Medal of Honor for his bravery during an operation aboard the USS Wyandank in the Civil War. Despite enemy fire, Anderson displayed extraordinary courage during a boat expedition up Mattox Creek, Virginia. His heroism made him one of the first Black sailors to receive the nation’s highest military decoration.

On this day, George Monroe (1834–1886) was posthumously honored for his contributions as one of the few Black stagecoach drivers of the famed Pony Express. Monroe carried mail through treacherous routes and famously drove Presidents Ulysses S. Grant and Rutherford B. Hayes through the perilous S-curves of the Wawona Trail into Yosemite Valley. In recognition of his legacy, Badger Pass in Yosemite National Park was named in his honor.

The USS Jesse L. Brown was launched as the first U.S. naval ship named in honor of an African American naval officer. Jesse L. Brown was a pioneering aviator and the first African American to complete U.S. Navy flight training. His legacy was cemented with the launch of this Knox-class frigate, symbolizing progress and recognition of African American contributions to military service.

Vanessa L. Williams was born in Millwood, New York. She would go on to make history as the first Black woman crowned Miss America in 1983. Despite controversy that led to her resignation, Williams rose to fame as a successful singer and actress, earning Grammy, Emmy, and Tony nominations. Her resilience and success broke barriers in beauty, entertainment, and representation.

Irene Cara, acclaimed actress, singer, and songwriter, was born in New York City. She rose to international fame with her performances in Fame (1980) and as the voice behind Flashdance… What a Feeling (1983), for which she won an Academy Award and Grammy. As a trailblazing Afro-Latina artist, Cara helped redefine what was possible for Black and Latina women in the entertainment industry.

Wilson Pickett, a pioneering R&B and soul singer, was born in Prattville, Alabama. Known for hits like “In the Midnight Hour,” “Mustang Sally,” and “Land of 1000 Dances,” Pickett played a key role in shaping the sound of 1960s soul music. His gritty vocals and energetic performances earned him a place in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1991.

Charley Pride, one of the most successful Black country music artists in history, was born in Sledge, Mississippi. Pride broke racial barriers in the country music industry, achieving 29 No. 1 hits and earning numerous accolades, including a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. His groundbreaking success helped pave the way for future African American artists in country music.

Born in Lula, Mississippi, Unita Blackwell rose from humble beginnings as the daughter of sharecroppers to become a pivotal figure in the civil rights movement. She played a significant role in voter registration drives and was a founding member of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party. In 1976, Blackwell made history by being elected mayor of Mayersville, becoming the first African American woman to serve as a mayor in Mississippi. Her leadership brought essential infrastructure and services to the town, and she continued to advocate for civil rights and community development throughout her life. ?
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President Theodore Roosevelt appointed a special committee to investigate political unrest and governance issues in Liberia, a nation founded by formerly enslaved African Americans. Among the appointees was Emmett J. Scott, a prominent African American advisor and secretary to Booker T. Washington. His inclusion marked a significant moment in U.S. diplomatic history, highlighting early Black involvement in international affairs and U.S.–Africa relations.

On this day, 200 Black Americans departed from Savannah, Georgia, to Liberia in West Africa. Motivated by a desire for self-determination and freedom from racial oppression in the United States, this group joined a broader Back-to-Africa movement. The migration reflected growing frustrations with Jim Crow laws and racial violence, as well as a hope for building new lives in a nation founded by formerly enslaved African Americans.

The Forty-sixth Congress convened with Blanche K. Bruce of Mississippi serving as the only Black U.S. Senator. Bruce, a formerly enslaved man, was the first African American to serve a full term in the U.S. Senate. His presence in Congress during the post-Reconstruction era was a powerful symbol of Black political advancement amid rising resistance to racial equality.

Ralph Waldo Tyler, journalist and civil servant, was born—likely in Ohio—as the oldest of 12 children. Tyler became one of the most influential Black journalists of his time, later serving as Auditor-General of the Navy and as the only accredited Black foreign correspondent during World War I. He began teaching school at 19 and used his writing to challenge racial injustice and advocate for African American soldiers abroad.

On this day, students at Howard University seized the administration building in protest, demanding a more Black-oriented curriculum and greater say in campus governance. The student movement reflected a growing push for Black empowerment within higher education. Simultaneously, civil rights activists began mobilizing in Charleston, South Carolina, to support striking Black hospital workers fighting for fair wages and respect on the job. These dual movements highlighted a rising tide of Black activism in both education and labor during the late 1960s.

William Tucker, believed to be the first African child born in the English colonies, was born and baptized in Jamestown, Virginia. His parents, Anthony and Isabella, were among the first Africans brought to Virginia in 1619. Though details of his life remain limited, unconfirmed reports suggest he may have lived to be 108 years old. William Tucker’s birth marked a significant moment in early African American history.

James B. Parsons made history as the first African American to serve as chief judge of a federal court, the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois in Chicago. Previously, in 1961, he had already broken barriers as the first African American appointed to a U.S. District Court. His trailblazing career marked a significant step forward for African American representation in the federal judiciary.

Langston Hughes, the celebrated poet and playwright of the Harlem Renaissance, founded the New Negro Theater in Los Angeles, California. The theater was established to provide opportunities for Black artists and to present authentic portrayals of Black life on stage. It became a pioneering platform for African American theatrical expression and cultural empowerment on the West Coast.

Ornette Coleman, the revolutionary alto saxophonist and composer, was born in Fort Worth, Texas. A key figure in the development of free jazz, Coleman challenged traditional jazz structures with his 1959 album The Shape of Jazz to Come. His innovations reshaped modern music, earning him a Pulitzer Prize and a place among the most influential jazz artists of the 20th century.

Nathaniel “Nat King” Cole was born in Montgomery, Alabama. A groundbreaking jazz pianist and smooth-voiced singer, Cole became one of the first Black entertainers to gain widespread popularity among white audiences. Known for hits like “Unforgettable” and “Mona Lisa,” he also broke barriers as the first African American to host a nationally televised variety show, The Nat King Cole Show, in 1956. His artistry and quiet dignity helped pave the way for future generations of Black performers.

Jan Ernst Matzeliger, a Black inventor from Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana (now Suriname), received a patent for his revolutionary shoe-lasting machine on this day. The machine dramatically increased the speed and efficiency of shoe production, transforming the entire industry. Matzeliger’s invention helped establish Lynn, Massachusetts, as the “Shoe Capital of the World.” Despite facing racial prejudice, his contributions significantly advanced industrial manufacturing and opened new opportunities for affordable footwear.

African American inventor T. J. Boyd was granted a U.S. patent for an innovative apparatus designed to quickly detach horses from carriages. His invention improved safety and efficiency for horse-drawn transportation, especially in emergencies. Boyd’s contribution is an example of 19th-century Black ingenuity and practical problem-solving during a time of limited recognition for Black inventors.

Congressman Thaddeus Stevens introduced a resolution urging enforcement of land redistribution under what would later become the Second Confiscation Act of 1862. The proposed measure aimed to allocate public and confiscated Confederate land to formerly enslaved people. However, the resolution was defeated in Congress, reflecting early resistance to land reform and reparative justice during the Civil War era. Stevens remained a powerful advocate for Black rights and Reconstruction policies.

Gabriel de la Concepción Valdés, also known as “Plácido,” was born in Matanzas, Cuba. A poet of African descent, Plácido became renowned for his lyrical and romantic poetry. Despite his literary acclaim, he was accused of participating in a supposed slave revolt and was executed in 1844 during Cuba’s “Year of the Lash” (La Escalera), a brutal crackdown on Afro-Cubans. His life and work remain symbols of Black artistic excellence and resistance in the face of colonial repression.

Harriet Beecher Stowe’s anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin was published in Boston, quickly becoming a bestseller and a powerful tool in the abolitionist movement. The book vividly portrayed the cruelty of slavery and helped shift public opinion in the North. Its impact was so profound that Abraham Lincoln reportedly called Stowe “the little lady who made this great war.”

Black students at the University of Michigan, supported by faculty and allies, launched a campus-wide strike demanding increased Black student enrollment and support services. Known as the Black Action Movement (BAM I), the strike lasted until April 2, when the university administration agreed to key demands, including a goal of 10% Black student enrollment. The protest marked a pivotal moment in the fight for racial equity in higher education.

Spike Lee, a pioneering African American filmmaker, was born in Atlanta, Georgia. Known for his provocative and socially conscious films, such as Do the Right Thing, Malcolm X, and BlacKkKlansman, Lee has used cinema to explore race, politics, and identity in America. His work has had a lasting impact on the film industry and on generations of Black filmmakers.

Ota Benga, a Congolese man who had been exhibited in the Bronx Zoo’s Monkey House in 1906 alongside primates, died by suicide. Benga, a Mbuti man, was brought to the U.S. under false pretenses and displayed as a so-called “missing link” in a disturbing example of scientific racism. His treatment sparked protests from Black clergy and activists at the time. After years of trauma and cultural dislocation, Benga ended his life in Virginia, where he had struggled to build a new identity. His story remains a haunting symbol of dehumanization and racial injustice.

Born Rosetta Nubin in Cotton Plant, Arkansas, Sister Rosetta Tharpe would become a pioneering gospel singer and electric guitarist whose influence shaped the future of rock and roll. Her fusion of spiritual lyrics with rhythmic swing captivated audiences. She rose to national prominence after performing “Rock Me” with Cab Calloway and the Cotton Club Revue, and her career took off following a record deal with Decca Records. Tharpe was later featured in LIFE magazine and is credited as a foundational influence on artists like Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, and Little Richard.

Allan Rohan Crite was born in North Plainfield, New Jersey. Raised in Boston’s South End, his artistic journey began at age six when his mother gave him art supplies to keep him occupied while she wrote poetry. His talent blossomed, and with the encouragement of his teacher, Miss Brady, he attended the Children’s Art School. Crite went on to become one of the most celebrated African American painters of the 20th century, known for portraying the spiritual and everyday lives of Black communities in America—especially in urban Boston. He called himself a “reporter” of his people’s culture and history.

On this day, the Mississippi legislature denied adequate funding to Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College, one of the first Black land-grant institutions in the United States. Despite its promise to provide higher education for African Americans, the state’s failure to support the college reflected the broader efforts to suppress Black advancement through underfunding and neglect of educational institutions. This decision was part of a pattern of systemic discrimination in the post-Reconstruction South.

Martin R. Delany published The Condition, Elevation, Emigration, and Destiny of the Colored People of the United States, the first major work articulating a Black nationalist philosophy. In it, Delany argued that African Americans would never achieve full freedom or equality in the United States and proposed emigration as a path to self-determination. He famously wrote, “The claims of no people, according to established policy and usage, are respected by any nation, until they are presented in the attitude of independence.” His work laid the intellectual groundwork for future Black nationalist and Pan-Africanist movements.

Led by Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., thousands of civil rights activists began a 54-mile march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, to demand equal voting rights for African Americans. The march followed the violent events of “Bloody Sunday” and symbolized the determination of the Civil Rights Movement. The campaign helped spur the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

On March 21, 1990, Namibia officially gained independence from South African rule after decades of colonialism and occupation. The historic event marked the birth of Africa’s youngest nation at the time, bringing peace, stability, and the promise of progress. Known as the “Smile of Africa” for its warm hospitality and geographical beauty, Namibia has since emerged as a stable democracy with a population of over 1.7 million at the time of independence.

Walter White, former executive secretary of the NAACP, passed away at age 61 in New York City. A key figure in the civil rights movement, White led the NAACP from 1931 to 1955, investigating lynchings, advocating for anti-discrimination laws, and shaping national civil rights strategies. His leadership paved the way for future activism. On April 11, 1970, Roy Wilkins officially succeeded him as NAACP executive.

On this day, San Antonio, Texas became the first major Southern city to voluntarily integrate its lunch counters. The peaceful agreement between local Black leaders and white business owners marked a significant victory for the civil rights movement and set an early example of nonviolent progress in the South—months before similar actions gained national attention through sit-ins in other cities.

In Sharpeville, South Africa, during a peaceful protest against apartheid pass laws, white South African police opened fire on unarmed Black demonstrators. Sixty-seven people were killed and 186 wounded. The Sharpeville Massacre shocked the world, intensified resistance to apartheid, and marked a turning point in South Africa’s liberation struggle. The tragedy is now commemorated annually as Human Rights Day in South Africa.

James Baskett became the second African American to receive an Academy Award when he was honored with a Special Oscar for his performance as Uncle Remus in Disney’s Song of the South. He was also the first African American actor hired by Disney. Despite the recognition, Baskett faced harsh racial discrimination—he was barred from attending the film’s premiere in Atlanta due to segregation laws. His award was a milestone in Hollywood history, though the film itself remains highly controversial for its portrayal of race.

Alonzo Pietro, a Black navigator from Spain, is believed to have joined Christopher Columbus’s expedition that would lead to the European “discovery” of the Americas. Pietro, sometimes referred to as “Pedro Alonso Niño” in historical texts, served as a skilled sailor and pilot. His involvement highlights the often-overlooked presence of Africans and Afro-descendants in major global explorations during the Age of Discovery.

State troopers were mobilized to suppress a student rebellion at Cheyney State College (now Cheyney University of Pennsylvania), one of the nation’s oldest historically Black colleges. The protest was part of a larger wave of student activism in the 1960s, as students demanded institutional reforms, greater representation, and an end to systemic racism. The incident underscored the tensions between Black youth, state authority, and educational institutions during the Civil Rights era.

George Benson, a Grammy Award-winning guitarist and singer, was born on this day in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Known for blending jazz, soul, and pop with masterful guitar work and smooth vocals, Benson rose to international fame with hits like Give Me the Night and Breezin’. His career has spanned decades, earning him multiple Grammy Awards and cementing his legacy as one of the most influential artists in modern music.

Morgan Smith, an African American Shakespearean actor, died in Sheffield, England. He had emigrated from the United States to England in 1866, where he gained recognition for his performances in classic theatrical roles, including works by William Shakespeare. His career challenged racial barriers in 19th-century British theater and expanded the visibility of Black talent in the dramatic arts.

Jamaican-born activist Marcus Garvey arrived in the United States on March 23, 1916, laying the groundwork for one of the most influential Black nationalist movements in history. He would go on to establish the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), advocating for Black pride, economic independence, and a return to Africa movement. His arrival marked the beginning of a transformative chapter in global Pan-Africanism and Black empowerment.

Patricia Roberts Harris, the first African American woman to serve in a U.S. presidential cabinet, died in Washington, D.C. A groundbreaking diplomat and public servant, Harris was appointed as U.S. Ambassador to Luxembourg in 1965 and later served as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development and Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare during the Carter Administration. Her legacy paved the way for future generations of Black women in public leadership.

On this day, Rev. Walter Fauntroy, a former aide to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., became the first non-voting congressional delegate from the District of Columbia since the Reconstruction era. His appointment marked a pivotal moment in the fight for D.C. residents’ political representation and civil rights, bringing national attention to issues of enfranchisement in the nation’s capital.

Moses Malone, one of the most dominant centers in professional basketball history, was born in Petersburg, Virginia. Nicknamed “The Mailman” for his relentless work ethic and dependable performance, Malone became the first player to go directly from high school to professional basketball. Over his storied career, he was a 3-time NBA MVP, 12-time All-Star, and helped lead the Philadelphia 76ers to an NBA championship in 1983.

Walter Rodney, a Guyanese historian, political activist, and author of the seminal work How Europe Underdeveloped Africa, was born on this day. A fierce critic of colonialism and global capitalism, Rodney used both scholarship and grassroots organizing to empower marginalized communities in the Caribbean and Africa. His work remains a cornerstone in Pan-African and anti-imperialist thought.

Z. Alexander Looby, a pioneering civil rights attorney and the first African American to serve on the Nashville City Council, passed away on this day. Born in the British West Indies, Looby became a key legal defender of civil rights activists in the South, including students involved in the 1960 Nashville sit-ins. His home was bombed in 1960 due to his activism, but he remained undeterred. His legacy lives on through his contributions to desegregation and political representation for African Americans in the South.

Dorothy Irene Height was born in Richmond, Virginia. A towering figure in the civil rights and women’s rights movements, Height served as president of the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) for over 40 years. She was instrumental in organizing the successful campaign to place a statue of Mary McLeod Bethune in a Washington, D.C. park—making it the first public statue honoring an African American in the nation’s capital. Height’s lifelong dedication to social justice earned her the Presidential Medal of Freedom and Congressional Gold Medal.

On March 24, 1837, Black men in Canada were officially granted the right to vote. This milestone followed the abolition of slavery in the British Empire in 1834, which recognized formerly enslaved individuals as British subjects entitled to civil rights, including suffrage. However, voting rights at the time were limited to property-owning men, effectively excluding many Black Canadians due to economic disparities.

Despite these legal advancements, Black Canadians often faced systemic barriers and discrimination that impeded their ability to exercise this right. For instance, in 1848, Black men in Colchester, Canada West (now Ontario), were physically blocked from voting. They successfully challenged this suppression in court, leading to the restoration of their voting rights and the prosecution of those who had obstructed them.

It’s important to note that while Black men gained the right to vote in 1837, Black women, like all women in Canada, were largely excluded from voting until the early 20th century. Some Black women could vote in school trustee elections starting in 1850, but full suffrage was not achieved until 1918.

This 1837 enfranchisement marked a significant step in the ongoing struggle for racial equality and civil rights in Canada.

After four days and 54 miles, the Selma to Montgomery March concluded as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., alongside John Lewis, Coretta Scott King, and thousands of civil rights activists, arrived at the Alabama State Capitol in Montgomery. The march protested voter suppression and racial injustice, drawing national attention and contributing to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Debi Thomas, who would go on to become the first African American to win a medal at the Winter Olympics, was born on this day in Poughkeepsie, New York. At the 1988 Calgary Olympics, she earned the bronze in women’s figure skating. Thomas also became the 1986 World Champion and a two-time U.S. national champion, breaking barriers in a traditionally white-dominated sport.

Aretha Franklin was born in Detroit, Michigan, the daughter of renowned Black minister Rev. C.L. Franklin. Raised in a deeply spiritual and musical household, she began singing gospel in her father’s church. By age 18, she launched her professional career, bringing her gospel roots into the rhythm & blues world. With unmatched vocal power and emotional depth, Aretha became an icon of soul music, civil rights, and cultural pride—earning her the title “Queen of Soul.”

Ida B. Wells-Barnett (July 16, 1862 – March 25, 1931), a fearless anti-lynching crusader, journalist, and suffragist, passed away on this day. Born into slavery in Holly Springs, Mississippi, Wells lost her parents and a brother to yellow fever at age 14. She went on to attend Rust College and Fisk University and became a teacher. In the 1880s, she famously refused to give up her seat in a segregated train car and successfully sued the railroad. Writing under the pen name “Iola,” she exposed the horrors of lynching and racial violence, becoming one of the most influential voices for justice in American history.

Nine African American teenagers, known as the Scottsboro Boys, were falsely accused of raping two white women in Alabama. Despite weak evidence, they were quickly convicted by all-white juries. Their case became a defining moment in American legal history, exposing deep racial injustices. After years of appeals, retrials, and national protest, their struggle led to landmark rulings by the U.S. Supreme Court affirming the right to adequate legal counsel and the inclusion of African Americans on juries.

The American Liberian Commission, appointed by President William H. Taft, issued a report recommending financial aid to Liberia and the establishment of a U.S. Navy coaling station in the country. The move reflected U.S. geopolitical interest in Liberia, a nation founded by formerly enslaved African Americans, and marked a significant moment in early 20th-century Black international relations and diplomacy.

Samori Touré, founder of the Wassoulou (Wasulu) Empire in West Africa, signed the Treaty of Bisandugu with French colonial forces. Intended as a diplomatic effort to maintain his empire’s autonomy, the treaty marked a temporary truce amid growing tensions. Despite the agreement, conflict soon resumed, and Touré would lead prolonged resistance against French colonization, becoming one of Africa’s most renowned anti-colonial leaders.

On this day, a group of citizens in Kentucky filed a formal petition challenging the violent acts of the Ku Klux Klan. Amid growing Klan terror during Reconstruction, the petition reflected local resistance to white supremacist violence and contributed to federal efforts to suppress the Klan through legislation, such as the Ku Klux Klan Act passed later that year. This act of civic courage underscored the ongoing fight for justice and civil rights in the post-Civil War South.

Thomas J. Martin, an African American inventor, was awarded a U.S. patent for an early version of the fire extinguisher. His invention improved fire safety by allowing buildings to be fitted with pipes and valves that could direct water to extinguish flames. Martin’s contribution marked an important step in the development of modern fire suppression systems.

In one of the earliest armed uprisings against British colonial authority, both Black and white indentured servants and enslaved people joined Nathaniel Bacon in a rebellion in Virginia. Known as Bacon’s Rebellion, this multiracial alliance challenged the colonial elite and protested British policies that protected Native American lands. Though the rebellion ultimately failed, it marked a pivotal moment in colonial history and alarmed the ruling class, contributing to the hardening of racial divisions and the entrenchment of chattel slavery in the American colonies.

The Reverend Emmanuel Cleaver made history by becoming the first African American mayor of Kansas City, Missouri. A civil rights activist and United Methodist pastor, Cleaver’s election marked a significant milestone in the city’s political evolution and signaled progress in African American political representation in major Midwestern cities.

Augusta Savage, a trailblazing African American sculptor of the Harlem Renaissance, passed away on this day. Known for her work celebrating Black identity and her role as an influential teacher, Savage mentored a generation of Black artists including Jacob Lawrence and Gwendolyn Knight. Her sculpture Lift Every Voice and Sing (also known as The Harp) gained national acclaim. Despite facing racial and gender barriers, Savage devoted her life to the arts and to opening doors for others.

Teddy Pendergrass, one of the most distinctive voices in soul and R&B music, was born on this day in Kingstree, South Carolina. Rising to fame as the lead singer of Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes before launching a successful solo career, Pendergrass became known for hits like “Close the Door,” “Love T.K.O.,” and “Turn Off the Lights.” His powerful performances and passionate ballads made him a legend of 1970s and ’80s music, and his legacy continues to inspire artists today.

Diana Ross, legendary singer and founding member of The Supremes, was born in Detroit, Michigan. Under her leadership, The Supremes became Motown’s most successful act during the 1960s and one of the best-selling girl groups of all time. Ross later launched a successful solo career and became a cultural icon in music, film, and fashion, breaking barriers for Black women in entertainment.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed William H. Hastie as the first African American federal judge. Hastie was named Judge of the Federal District Court in the Virgin Islands. His appointment marked a groundbreaking moment in U.S. legal history, paving the way for greater Black representation in the American judiciary. Hastie later became a prominent civil rights advocate and served as a mentor to future legal leaders, including Thurgood Marshall.

Dr. James A. Harris, a pioneering African American nuclear chemist, was born on this day. During his tenure at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Harris played a key role on the team that discovered elements 104 (Rutherfordium) and 105 (Dubnium) on the periodic table. His work marked a historic achievement in the field of nuclear chemistry and made him one of the first African Americans to contribute to the discovery of a chemical element. He retired in 1988, leaving a legacy of scientific excellence and barrier-breaking accomplishments.

Bishop George Alexander McGuire was a pioneering Black religious leader and founder of the African Orthodox Church. A staunch advocate for racial pride and spiritual independence, McGuire worked closely with Marcus Garvey and served as Chaplain-General of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). He sought to establish a religious institution that affirmed African identity and autonomy in the face of racial discrimination. His legacy endures as a key figure in the intersection of faith and Black liberation.

William H. Lewis became the first African American appointed as Assistant Attorney General of the United States. A Harvard-educated lawyer and former football star, Lewis broke racial barriers in the legal system during the Taft administration. His appointment marked a significant milestone in the fight for Black representation in federal government roles.

Richard Allen, founder of the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, died at age 71. A visionary religious leader and former enslaved man, Allen was nominated by author Vernon Loggins as the “Father of the Negro.” In 1816, Allen and representatives from four other Black Methodist congregations united to form the AME Church, the first independent Black denomination in the United States. Allen became its first bishop, laying a foundation for Black religious autonomy and social activism.

On this day, Halle Berry made history by becoming the first Black woman to win the Academy Award for Best Actress. She earned the Oscar for her powerful role in Monster’s Ball (2001). In her emotional acceptance speech, Berry dedicated the award to “every nameless, faceless woman of color” who now had a door opened for them in Hollywood. Her win marked a milestone in the ongoing struggle for representation and equity in the film industry.

Over 1,000 students at Howard University staged a sit-in and protest demanding greater emphasis on African American history and culture in the university curriculum. This helped catalyze the development of Black Studies programs across the U.S.

Though not widely publicized at the time, this laid the groundwork for institutional efforts to preserve and document African American life and contributions.

Johnnie Cochran, who would later rise to national prominence during the O.J. Simpson trial, was appointed to the bench, becoming one of the highest-ranking Black legal officials in Los Angeles at the time.

Though the independence was declared in 1957, Ghana officially became a republic on this date, with Nkrumah sworn in as the first president — a major milestone for African liberation movements and Pan-Africanism worldwide.

Hill’s solo debut The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill swept multiple categories at the NAACP Image Awards, including Outstanding Album. The project fused hip-hop, soul, and education — and influenced a generation.

On this day, Bill Russell was named head coach of the Boston Celtics, making history as the first Black head coach in the NBA and in major American professional sports. Already a legendary player, Russell took on the dual role of player-coach, leading the Celtics to two more championships. His appointment marked a groundbreaking moment in sports and civil rights history, challenging racial barriers in leadership roles.

Dr. Benjamin Elijah Mays, former president of Morehouse College and a towering figure in American education and the civil rights movement, passed away on this day. Mays served as a mentor to Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and was known for his moral leadership, commitment to nonviolent social change, and belief in the power of education to uplift the Black community. His legacy shaped generations of leaders and cemented Morehouse College as a crucible for Black excellence.

Fleeta Drumgo and John Clutchette, two of the surviving Soledad Brothers, were acquitted by an all-white jury of charges that they had murdered a white prison guard at Soledad Prison in 1970. The third Soledad Brother, George Jackson, was killed in August 1971 during what authorities claimed was an escape attempt. The case became a rallying point for activists and spotlighted systemic racism and injustice within the U.S. prison system.

A peaceful protest march in Memphis, Tennessee, led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in support of striking Black sanitation workers, was interrupted by violence and unrest. What began as a demonstration for fair wages and dignified working conditions turned into a chaotic scene after clashes broke out. The National Guard was called in, and one teenager, Larry Payne, was killed by police. The incident deeply impacted Dr. King, who returned to Memphis days later—where he was assassinated on April 4, 1968. The march became a defining moment in the Civil Rights Movement and labor rights struggle.

Ronnie Ray Smith, an American track and field sprinter, was born in Los Angeles, California. He rose to prominence in the 1960s as part of the legendary “Speed City” team at San Jose State University. Smith won a gold medal in the 4×100 meter relay at the 1968 Mexico City Olympics and was a key figure in the era’s intersection of athletic excellence and civil rights advocacy.

On this day, celebrated Harlem Renaissance poet Countee Cullen received the prestigious Phi Beta Kappa award for poetry while a student at New York University. His refined lyrical style and deep engagement with racial and classical themes earned him national acclaim. Cullen’s recognition marked a milestone for African American literary excellence in mainstream academic circles.

Ed Wilson, an award-winning African American sculptor known for his powerful figurative works and commitment to social themes, was born on March 28, 1925. His work often explored themes of struggle, dignity, and cultural identity. Wilson became the first African American to receive tenure at the School of Art at Yale University and played a key role in mentoring future generations of artists.

On this day, British colonial officials demanded the sacred Golden Stool of the Ashanti—a symbol of the Ashanti people’s soul and sovereignty. The request sparked outrage, and Queen Yaa Asantewaa, a military leader and queen mother, led a fierce resistance against British forces in what became known as the War of the Golden Stool. Though the Ashanti had previously engaged in the transatlantic slave trade, their resistance under Yaa Asantewaa became a powerful symbol of African liberation and anti-colonial defiance.

Earl Campbell, one of the greatest power running backs in NFL history, was born in Tyler, Texas. Known as the “Tyler Rose,” Campbell won the Heisman Trophy in 1977 while at the University of Texas and later became a Hall of Fame running back for the Houston Oilers. His punishing running style and dominance in the late 1970s and early 1980s left a lasting legacy in American football.

On this day, the United Nations resumed a humanitarian aid program to feed over two million Angolans after the Angolan government lifted a three-month ban on food deliveries. The blockade had worsened conditions during the country’s prolonged civil war, which followed its independence from Portugal. The resumption of aid marked a critical moment in international relief efforts for one of Africa’s longest and most devastating conflicts.

Dr. Eric Williams, the first Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, died in Port of Spain at the age of 79. A pivotal figure in Caribbean politics and scholarship, Williams was also a renowned historian. His groundbreaking book Capitalism and Slavery (1944) challenged conventional narratives by linking the rise of industrial capitalism to the exploitation of enslaved Africans. Often called the “Father of the Nation,” his leadership helped guide Trinidad and Tobago to independence in 1962.

In protest of poor campus conditions and lack of institutional support, Black students at Bowie State College (now Bowie State University) seized the administration building. The student-led action was part of a broader wave of activism during the Civil Rights era, demanding improved educational resources and greater respect for Black students. Their bold stance led to significant reforms and amplified the voice of student activism at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs).

Barthélemy Boganda, the founding father and first President of the Central African Republic, died in a mysterious plane crash. A former Catholic priest turned anti-colonial leader, Boganda was a staunch advocate for African unity, social justice, and independence from French rule. His untimely death occurred just months before the nation achieved full independence, leaving a lasting impact on the country’s path toward self-governance.

Walt Frazier, one of basketball’s most iconic figures, was born in Atlanta, Georgia. Known for his dazzling style off the court—complete with Rolls Royce cars, knee-length fur coats, and fedora hats—Frazier was equally electrifying on the hardwood. As the floor general for the New York Knicks from 1967 to 1977, he was celebrated for his defensive prowess, smooth playmaking, and clutch performances. Frazier helped lead the Knicks to two NBA championships and later became a beloved broadcaster, continuing his legacy in the sport.

Pearl Bailey, an acclaimed singer and actress known for her sultry voice and charismatic stage presence, was born in Newport News, Virginia. Rising to fame in the 1940s, Bailey dazzled audiences on Broadway, in film, and on television. She won a Tony Award for her performance in the all-Black production of Hello, Dolly! and later received the Presidential Medal of Freedom for her contributions to the arts and public service.

Inventor W.J. Ballow was granted U.S. Patent No. 601,422 for a “Combined Hatrack and Table.” This innovative design blended functionality and space efficiency, showcasing the often-overlooked contributions of Black inventors during the post-Reconstruction era. Ballow’s invention reflected the ingenuity and craftsmanship found within African American communities, despite the limited recognition and resources available at the time.

The 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified, guaranteeing that the right to vote could not be denied based on “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.” This landmark achievement secured voting rights for Black men in the United States and marked a significant milestone in the struggle for racial equality during the Reconstruction era. Despite its passage, many states would later enact laws to suppress Black voting, leading to decades of continued civil rights advocacy.

The National Urban League presented a groundbreaking one-hour national radio program titled “The Negro and National Defense” on the CBS network. It was one of the first times a major broadcast network devoted airtime to address issues affecting African Americans. The program featured voices of Black leaders and artists, including music by renowned performers, and called attention to racial discrimination in the U.S. defense industry during World War II.

On this day, legendary bandleader Cab Calloway recorded Minnie the Moocher, a jazz classic known for its infectious “Hi-De-Ho” chorus. The song became the first jazz single to sell over one million copies, catapulting Calloway to national fame. His performance style and innovation helped pave the way for swing music and influenced generations of performers in jazz and popular music.

Renowned author Toni Morrison was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for her novel Beloved, a haunting and powerful portrayal of slavery’s legacy in America. The award recognized Morrison’s literary brilliance and cemented her status as one of the greatest American writers. Beloved later became part of her legacy that helped her win the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1993.

Jesse Owens, the legendary track and field athlete who won four gold medals at the 1936 Berlin Olympics, died at age 66 in Tucson, Arizona. Owens’ victories dealt a symbolic blow to Nazi propaganda about Aryan supremacy and became a defining moment in both sports and civil rights history. His legacy continues to inspire generations around the world.

On March 31, 1960, eighteen students were suspended by Southern University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, after organizing a boycott of classes in protest of segregation and the administration’s inaction on civil rights. The student rebellion escalated as hundreds joined in requesting withdrawal slips, demanding institutional change. The movement abruptly ended after the sudden death of a professor from a heart attack, bringing national attention to the tension and pressures facing both students and faculty during the Civil Rights Movement.

Laurian Rugambwa of Tanzania was appointed by Pope John XXIII as the first Black Roman Catholic Cardinal. His appointment marked a significant step toward greater representation of Africans in the global Catholic Church. Rugambwa was known for advocating modernization and African leadership within the Church, and his influence extended across both religious and social spheres in post-colonial Africa.

Labor leader and civil rights activist A. Philip Randolph testified before the Senate Armed Services Committee, demanding an end to segregation and discrimination in the military draft. He warned that if these injustices were not abolished, he would call on Black youth to resist induction through civil disobedience. Randolph’s bold stance played a critical role in pressuring President Truman to issue Executive Order 9981, which desegregated the U.S. Armed Forces later that year.

President Herbert Hoover nominated Judge John J. Parker of North Carolina to the U.S. Supreme Court. The NAACP launched a national campaign opposing the nomination, citing Parker’s past rulings and statements that were hostile to Black civil rights and labor unions. The organized resistance contributed to the Senate rejecting Parker’s confirmation, marking one of the first successful national civil rights campaigns against a judicial nominee.

On this day, U.S. Navy Seaman Alphonse Gerandy displayed extraordinary bravery aboard the USS Petrel by risking his life to save fellow crewmen during a shipboard fire. For his heroism, Gerandy was awarded the Medal of Honor in 1902, making him one of the few Black sailors recognized with the nation’s highest military decoration during that era.

Jack Johnson, the first Black man to win the world heavyweight boxing title, was born in Galveston, Texas. He became champion in 1908 after defeating Tommy Burns and held the title until 1915. Johnson’s success and defiance of racial norms made him a controversial figure. In 1913, he was convicted under the Mann Act in a racially charged case and fled to Europe. He lost the title to Jess Willard in 1915 in Havana, later claiming he threw the fight. Johnson’s career record stood at 78 wins, 8 losses, 12 draws, with 45 knockouts.

Henry Ossian Flipper was born into slavery on March 31, 1856, in Thomasville, Georgia. He would go on to become the first African American to graduate from the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1877. Despite facing intense racism and isolation during his time at the academy, Flipper’s graduation marked a historic breakthrough in the fight for racial equality in the U.S. military.

The United States recorded a population of 23,191,876 in the 1850 census. Notably, this was the first federal census to include every individual in a household by name, including women and children, as well as enslaved people (listed separately). Of the total population, approximately 3,638,808 million were enslaved African Americans —comprising approximately 15.7% of the population, underscoring the vast scale of slavery in the pre-Civil War United States.

The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court rejected Charles Sumner’s argument in Roberts v. City of Boston, a lawsuit filed on behalf of Sarah Roberts, a young Black girl denied access to white public schools. The court ruled that racially segregated schools were constitutional, establishing an early version of the “separate but equal” doctrine. This precedent influenced future segregation laws and was cited in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), delaying integration efforts for decades.

Olaudah Equiano, a formerly enslaved African who became a prominent abolitionist and author, died in London. His autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, was a landmark work that exposed the horrors of slavery and influenced the abolitionist movement in Britain. Though he longed to return to Africa, he died without ever seeing his homeland again.

A series of fires and rumors of a planned slave uprising in New York City led to mass hysteria in the spring of 1741. Fueled by racial tensions and paranoia, authorities conducted aggressive investigations, resulting in the execution of 31 enslaved people and 5 white colonists. Dozens of others were deported or imprisoned. Historians now view the events as a tragic example of racial scapegoating and judicial overreach in colonial America.