1969 – Kwame Nkrumah Publishes “Handbook of Revolutionary Warfare”

On June 3, 1969, Ghana’s exiled former president, Kwame Nkrumah, published Handbook of Revolutionary Warfare, a militant guide for African liberation movements. Written in Guinea, where Nkrumah was living after a 1966 coup, the book outlined strategies for continental unity, anti-colonial guerrilla warfare, and ideological revolution. It called for the establishment of the All-African People\’s Revolutionary Army and the creation of a socialist Pan-African federation. Though controversial, the handbook became a key ideological text for liberation groups across southern Africa and inspired leaders like Thomas Sankara and Samora Machel. Nkrumah’s vision extended beyond Ghana to the broader decolonization struggle across the continent. This publication represented his enduring influence on global Black liberation thought.